Human Rights And Domestic Abuse Essay - 995 Words

Human rights are rights owned by each and every single person. In others, each person is entitled to their own rights. Many actions in this world can violate each person’s human rights, such as domestic abuse. Some people tend to ignore abuse issues between others, but many try to put an end to all abuse. Domestic abuse is present throughout the world in relationships and families, and witnesses should report it. In Argentina, the Amnesty International created a domestic abuse ad, and it was produced by Brother Ad School Buenos Aires. The Amnesty International is a global organization that campaigns for human rights. This organization exposes situations concerning abuse and supports those who try to claim their own rights. Specifically concerning domestic abuse, this organization created three ads that went viral. The ads were used in a campaign to shed light on the subject of abuse. These domestic abuse ads are meant to be thought-provoking and raise awareness for the problem in many homes world-wide. The art and photographer directors used three little Argentinean boys in their ad campaign. The art director, Diogo Montecarlo, prepared the boys for their pictures with a great abundance of makeup. After Diogo finished putting on the makeup, the boys truly looked like they had been physically abused by another person. The photographer, Lucas Rozada, took individual pictures of the boys. Each picture emphasizes spots of the face that have been abused. The first picture isShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Domestic Abuse Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesAbuse Human rights are rights owned by every single person. Correspondingly, each person has their own rights. Various actions in this world can violate each person s human rights, such as domestic abuse. Some people tend to ignore abuse issues among others, but countless try to put an end to all abuse. Domestic abuse is present throughout the world in relationships and families; consequently, witnesses should report it. In Argentina, the Amnesty International created a domestic abuse ad. BrotherRead MoreDomestic Violence Is Now Broadly Defined As All Acts Of1586 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic violence is now broadly defined as all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence committed by a family member or intimate partner. It has to do with a pattern of power and control exerted by partner or family member upon another. The constancy and severity of the abuse can vary however, it always has a negative impact on the relationship. The devastating impact can last for a long time crossing generations or a lifetime. The battered women movement goal was to seeRead MoreDomestic Violence on Women in Society1730 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence on Women and girls in Society Tabinda Asghar Dow Institute of Nursing Abstract Violence alongside women and girls is a sign of previously uneven authority relations among men and women, which have led to command over and unfairness against women by men and to the avoidance of the full progression of women. These types of terrible actions against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and wound- physically, psychologically, sexually and economicallyRead MoreThe Implications of Different Views on Animal Rights Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesShould animals and humans have the same rights? Or, the same penalty for their abuse? Have you just sat back and wondered how we got where we are today? Should animals be lower than humans or the same? With the advancing of new technology, medications and medical advancements haven’t we gained this knowledge by animal testing/ animal cruelty? Do we, as humans, think animal testing/ animal cruelty and domestic violence all have similarities and should all of them have the same fines? Many peopleRead More We Must Work Together to Reduce Domestic Violence1303 Words   |  6 Pages Domestic violence is an act of crime which occurs in domestic household units. It is also known as as spousal abuse or family violence. Domestic violence is not only related to physical abuse but also emotional, sexual, financial, mental and verbal threats. According to ( Human Right Watch, 1995) cited from Macionis, John J., 2008. Domestic violence is defined as bodily harm, usually accompanied by verbal threats and harassment, emotional abuse or the destruction of property as meansRead MoreIs Marina Pisklakova The Reason Why Laws Against Domestic Violence Exist?1155 Words   |  5 Pagesand Human Rights â€Å"MARINA PISKLAKOVA†). Every year in Russia, almost 15,000 women are killed by their husbands, and over 50,000 are hospitalized from abuse; 85% of these victims are female. In countries such as America, these numbers are far lower, and there are many ways to get help. Many people don’t realize that in places such as Russia, if you are a victim of domestic violence, there is very little you can do to help yourself. In fact, up until recently, there were no laws prohibiting abuse. MarinaRead MoreWomens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean1362 Words   |  6 Pagespervasive and widespread human rights violations women face in the region, with little chance of justice. The most pernicious types of womens human rights abuses in the Americas occur in the areas of womens reproductive and sexual health and rights, discrimination and violence against women in the workplace, and violence against women in the home. After decades of dictatorships in some countries, democracy has not meant an end to impunity for violations of women rights. In fact, despite the formalRead MoreDomestic Violence VS Animal Cruelty and Child Abuse1665 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, animals have suffered from cruelty from humans. In the United States, animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. Animals have been inflicted with pain from humans for reasons other than self-defense. They have been slaughtered for their food and fur for personal gain in profit. In a majority of cases they have even been abused for someone’s own personal amusement or out of rage filled impulses. In some cases animals are found and rescued. They are givenRead MoreThe Effect Of Historical And Theoretical Factors On Domestic Violence Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical and Theoretical Factors Domestic Violence CJCU 416 OL1 Every year in America, there are millions of women who are physically assaulted by their partners (Tjaden Thoennes, 2000). This number is staggering. For the purpose of this literature review, I am defining domestic violence as physical abuse. As domestic violence increases, the need for intervention ever so in demand. Tjaden Thoeness (2000), describe how the widespread occurrence of domestic violence is influenced by historicalRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Part Of Culture1498 Words   |  6 PagesTo this day, domestic violence is seen to be a part of culture in many countries. Some people view domestic violence as unjust and cruel, yet many see it as a form of power and control over another. Domestic violence plays a key role in different societies around the world as it is becoming a social norm. Domestic violence frequently begins when one partner feels the need to control the other. This feeling is sprouted from several factors such as jealousy, low self-esteem, and difficulties in regulating

Essay On Gas Tax - 1357 Words

According to Singers(August 24,2017), ITEP’S (July, 2017), (July, 2017),(August 2011), and(December 2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially harmful to low income families and needs to be address with the new policy. Singer(August 24,2017), pointed out that, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase the sales tax from its current level to 6.85 percent to fix a budget deficit, estimated to reach $3.5 billion in two years and improve state aid to towns. Based on Tax Foundation studies,†¦show more content†¦Comparing sales tax to other states shows that, Connecticut’s sales tax is not among the highest. According to Singers (Aug 24, 2017), the Connecticut 6.35 percent sales tax ranks thirty-two in the US. It is higher than certain state such as Massachusetts, and lower than others, such as Rode Island and New York. As Connecticut tries to grow its economy and fix it budget crisis with higher sales tax, will create a financial problem for the lower and middle classes. Based on estimate produced by ITEP data, low income families spend seventy five percent of their income on items subjected to sales tax, higher than fifty percent spent by middle-income families and seventeen percent spent by the richest families†(ITEP). Considering this, the tax do not affect upper income families,but low and mid-income people who cannot afford the tax . Comparing gas tax to other states shows that, Connecticut’s gas tax is not among the highest. According to the graph provided by the ITEPS research report (July 2017), Connecticut’s four percent gas tax is higher than certain states such as Kentucky, South Dakota, and Michigan, but lower than other states such as Alaska, Lou isiana and New Mexico. Excise tax on gasoline is an efficient way to generateShow MoreRelatedEssay On Gas Tax1301 Words   |  6 Pages2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially harmful to low income families and needs to be address with the new policy. Singer(Aug 24,2017), pointed out that, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase the sales tax from its current level toRead MoreEssay On Gas Tax826 Words   |  4 Pages Reaction Paper The topic of this paper is Gasoline prices and potentially higher state sales tax. According to Stephen Singer’s article (2017, August 24); Connecticut legislators are deciding to raise the state sales tax and gas prices from its current rate to 6.85% to close a budget gap that’s predicted to reach $3.5 billion over two years to help lower state aid cut to towns. I disagree with the decision the legislatures of Connecticut are making to fix a budget gap with higherRead MoreGas Tax Essay713 Words   |  3 Pagestopic of this paper is gasoline prices and higher state sales tax. According to Stephen Singer’s article(Aug 24,2017), ITEP’S research reports(July,2017), (July,2017),(Aug 2011), and(December 2011), the authors tell the reader the consequences of higher taxes on sales and gasoline in Connecticut and the solution to reduce tax burden on low income family. In Singer’s article, Connecticut legislators are deciding to increase sales tax fr om it’s current to 6.85% to fix a budget deficit, estimatedRead MoreEssay On Gas Tax1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of this paper is gasoline prices and higher state sales tax. According to Singers(Aug 24,2017), ITEP’S (July,2017), (July,2017),(Aug 2011), and(December 2011), higher sales and gas tax in Connecticut have consequences and a solution proposed to reduce tax burden on low income family. Based on the readings and my understanding of this topic, I conclude that increasing sales and gas taxes in Connecticut to fix a budget crisis will be financially harmful to low income families and needsRead MoreEssay about America Needs a Larger Gas Tax800 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Needs a Larger Gas Tax Don’t you hate driving up to the gas station to fill up your car with gasoline only to see that the price has risen again. You stand there stunned for a moment. Just long enough for the rage to build up and compell you to go into a frenzy of screaming obsceneties. Yes, it is a scene that happens all across the country, but, I think I can offer some words of advice: Get used to it. You may hate the gas prices now but if I had my way I would raiseRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Globes Meat Consumption1363 Words   |  6 Pageschange. This is important for international relations because animal agriculture effects trade, global food security and the global economy. With the population growing at a rapid pace the demand on animal agricuture is also rapidly increasing. This essay will discuss the consequences of the globes meat consumption and the challenge it poses to international relations. It will then go on to discuss the way the international community should address global food security while reducing the animal agricultureRead MoreWays to Reduce Smoke from Vehicles1544 Words   |  6 Pagessolution to this is to simply change the fuel that we use; become more efficient in using the fuel we use now or, in some cases completely remove the need for fuel. Vehicles such as these use electricity, hydrogen, or hybrid vehicles. But in this essay I will onl y talk about electric and hybrid vehicles. For that the use hydrogen as fuel is still at such an early stage of its process it is not yet easily accessible at the moment. As for electric vehicles and hybrids they are making a bigger and biggerRead MoreWhy British Columbia Should Continue Gradually Increase Price On Carbon Tax1245 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced carbon tax on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reduce global warming. Starting from $10 per tonne of CO2, the price was increasing annually till it reached $30 per tonne in 2012. During that period British Columbia was reducing harmful emissions and improving economy comparing to the rest of Canada. However, since the price rise on carbon stopped in 2012, no improving changes in cutting emissions, economy, and overall quality of life have been noticed. In this essay I will persuade thatRead MoreFactors And Challenges Of The Oil And Gas Industry1455 Words   |  6 PagesChallenges to the Oil and Gas Industry Dr. Saman Aryana â€Æ' Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....2 Challenges to Oil and Gas Sector†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Worsening Fiscal Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Conventional Reserves in Challenging Areas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Environmental and Health Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Issues Related to Petroleum on Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 â€Æ' Introduction Oil and Gas sector is one of theRead MoreGovernment Intervention On Kazakhstan Oil Industry Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Name : Tinglin Zhang Subject : AFFIN102A Principle of economics and economic theory in practice Assignment : Essay Topic : Government intervention in Kazakhstan Oil Industry The world concerned problem today is the energy problem. Among other reasons of its country is growing thirst for oil and gas made thus a matter of strategic energy security. Oil is the stratagem industry in the development of economy and society. As the Kazakhstan’s oil industry is speeding developing, becoming one

Daniel Johns Essay Example For Students

Daniel Johns Essay Daniel Johns is a guitar player. He was born in 1979. He hasblonde hair and is 16 years old. One day he heard a song on theradio with a guitar solo in it. He thought it was cool, so hewanted to get a guitar. He didnt get one until about a yearlater. When he got the guitar Chris Jonnou, Ben Gillies, and he,were bored. So they decided to start a band. When they did theymade up a song called Tomorrow. They entered it into a contestthat was held in their city. The judges loved it, so they got torecord a single with the song Tomorrow. Their first single. Then they played it on the radio and everybody loved it. Everybody went and bought the single. A music company called Epicrecords came to them and they signed a record deal. They madetheir first album Frogstomp. They started to put a bandtogether in 1992. They started in Australia. All of them livedabout 5 minutes from each other and went to the same school. Theywere only 12 and 13 years old. When they became famous they wereonly 15, but one of them just turned 16. They just went on theirfirst American tour, but they will be back this year for a cross-country jaunt, opening for the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Their firstalbum Frogstomp, at number 9 last week, just went platinum,and their video Tomorrow is in heavy rotation on MTV. Their CDFrogstomp is flying out in stores across the country. But thebest thing is that the three of them combined are younger thanMick Jagger.

Actus Reus Notes free essay sample

Provides a link between the initial act of the D and the prohibited consequence that has occurred. It forms part of the AR: It is not enough that the prohibited consequences has occurred, it must be caused by the D. * Established by a two-stage test: 1. Factual causation: Only basis, establish a prelimartary connection between act and consequences D’s act must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence(consequences would not have occurred without the D’s action) ’But for’ the D’s action, the consequences would not have occurred Case: White : D wanted to kill her mother with a poison drink but the mother die before the poison drink took effect. LP: The D’s mother would have died anyway but for D’s action, thus he is not the factual cause of death, but he is charged with attempted murder. 2. Legal causation: Chooses the blameworthy a. Case: Pagett To avoid arrest, D used his girlfriend as a shield and firmed at armed police. We will write a custom essay sample on Actus Reus Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The police fired back and killed the girl. LP: D’s act need not to be the sole cause of death provided it is a cause that has ‘contributed significantly to the result’ as he sets in motion the chain of events that led to death and it was foreseeable that the police would fire back. D is the most blameworthy Intervening Act: Something that occurs after the D’s act that breaks the chain of causation and relieves the D’s responsibility for the prohibited consequences. Circumstances will only break the chain of causation if they are: a) An overwhelming cause of death b) An unforeseeable occurrence Case that BREAK the chain: Jordan: D stabbed the victim and his wound was healed by the time V arrived to the hospital but he died following an allergic reaction to the drugs given by the hospital. LP: D not liable as the original wound was healed and the treatment was ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (Obvious) to break the chain of causation. Case that DOESN’T BREAK the chain: Cheshire: D shot the victim in the leg and stomach, where when in hospital V suffered from respiratory complications and die after an operation that the hospital performed a poor standard of care and failed to recognise his wounds. LP: The need for operation flowed from the D’s original act thus he remained liable, the treatment has to be ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (obvious) to break the chain of causation. Intervening Act falls into 3 categories: 1. Acts of the Victim 2. Acts of Third Parties 3. Naturally Occurring events 1. Acts of the Victim Roberts: D interfered the V’s clothing in the car, causing the V to jump from the moving vehicle and resulted in serious injuries from the fall. LP: It was foreseeable that the victim would have attempted to escape and could be injured in doing so. Chain of causation will only be broken if the V’s action is extreme and unforeseeable. *Only EXTREME ACTS would break it? Consider Thin-Skull rule: *Thin-Skull Rule: EXCEPTION to the rule that D is only liable to the foreseeable consequences of his actions D is liable for the full extent of V’s injuries even if, due to some pre-exisitng condition, the V suffers greater harm as a result of the D’s action than the ‘ordinary’ V would suffer. Cases: Blaue D stabbed the V and punctured her lung, but V refused a blood transfusion as it was contrary to her religion, resulting in death. LP: D convicted of manslaughter as it was held that the rule was not limited to physical conditions but included an individual’s psychological make-up and beliefs. 2. Act of Third Parties Consider: 1. Significance of their contribution 2. Action is foreseeable? 3. Naturally-occurring events * Omissions: Liability only necessary if there is no culpable positive act. Statute: A duty of act only imposed by statute in a narrow range Contract: Case: Pittwood D contracted to monitor the crossing gates so no one is harmed by the train. He failed to close the gates and V was killed by the train. LP: A person under contract will be liable for the harmful consequences of his failure to perform his contractual obligation. This duty extends to those reasonably affected by omission, not just the other party to the contract. Special relationship Case: Gibbins and Procotor First D(Father) failed to provide food to his child who was starved to death. His liability was based upon his omission to fulfil the duty established by the special relationship of father/child. (The case continued:) Voluntary assumption of care Second D(Partner of the father): liable not based on the nature of relationship but because she had previously fed the child but had ceased to do so. * A Person cannot cast off duty to act that the voluntary assumption of care imposes. Dangerous situation Case: Miller D fell asleep while smoking a cigarette. It triggers the mat on fire, but when the D woke up he did nothing to save the fire but move to another spot to sleep. The House was damaged as a result. D argued that his mens rea was not developed at the time the actua reas of the event, dropping the cigarette, occurred. LP: D has created a dangerous situation which he then has the duty to save the fire. * MR arises and coincides with continuing AR. He was liable.

Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados

Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados Por decisià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, la polà ­tica de pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de tener validez. Por lo tanto, los beneficios que aquà ­ se enumeran sà ³lo aplican a los que se beneficiaron de esa polà ­tica antes de que el presidente Obama le pusiera fin. En otras palabras, a los que ya ingresaron a Estados Unidos bajo esa polà ­tica. Cà ³mo est ahora pies secos pies mojados Pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de aplicarse. Sin embargo, los cubanos que ingresaron a Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de esta polà ­tica y que todavà ­a no han adquirido la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano podrn seguir los trmites y tener beneficios que se aplicaban mientras pies secos pies mojados estaba en activo. Los  beneficios son monetarios, sociales y mà ©dicos si cumplen los mismos requisitos que se les piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses. Los cubanos eran el à ºnico grupo de migrantes que cuentan con un conjunto de beneficios que sà ³lo aplican a ellos. Esto es asà ­ por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, aprobada en la dà ©cada de los 60, y sus posteriores modificaciones, en particular la conocida como pies secos, pies mojados, que fue aprobada el 19 de agosto de 1994 y que ha dejado de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017. Segà ºn pies secos, pies mojados, se podà ­an  quedar en Estados Unidos los cubanos que logren pisar tierra estadounidense y eran regresados a Cuba o enviados a un tercer paà ­s los que son interceptados en el mar. En los à ºltimos aà ±os esa polà ­tica ha derivado en que la mayorà ­a de las entradas a EEUU se realizaban  a travà ©s de la frontera con Mà ©xico, es lo que se conoce como pies con polvo, en referencia al desierto. En general, cuando un cubano llegaba a tierra o se presentaba en la frontera estadounidense sin la documentacià ³n migratoria necesaria no era devuelto por donde ha venido, como le ocurre al resto de los extranjeros, excepto los que piden con fundamento que se les conceda asilo. Los cubanos eran  entrevistados, se comprobaba la autenticidad de sus documentos, se analizaba su acento y se verificaba si han cometido algà ºn delito. Si acreditaban a satisfaccià ³n del oficial de Inmigracià ³n que eran cubanos con un pasado no criminal se le concedà ­a prcticamente siempre el derecho a entrar en EEUU en lo que se conoce como parole. Un aà ±o y un dà ­a ms tarde podrn solicitar la green card, es decir, la tarjeta de residente permanente en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano. Casos de doble nacionalidad y consecuencias para peticià ³n de beneficios Los cubanos que tenà ­an  doble nacionalidad Cuba/otro paà ­s tenà ­an que prestar atencià ³n a quà © nacionalidad se consignaba en los papeles ya que si es la no cubana podà ­an surgir problemas a la hora de solicitar beneficios mà ©dicos y sociales a los que sà ³lo tenà ­an derecho los migrantes cubanos. Beneficios por pies secos pies mojados En general las leyes migratorias de los Estados Unidos ponen importantes restricciones a los nuevos migrantes para acceder a beneficios sociales y mà ©dicos, llegando a prohibir recibir ayudas por un determinado nà ºmero de aà ±os. Esto aplica para los beneficios federales y tambià ©n estatales, aunque en este à ºltimo caso hay diferencias entre los estados. Esas limitaciones no aplicaban  a los cubanos recià ©n llegados, quienes podrn gozar de los siguientes beneficios siempre y cuando cumplan una serie de requisitos, que son los mismos que se le piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses.   Ingresos de seguridad complementaria (SSI, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Este es un programa del gobierno federal para dotar con dinero a personas necesitadas para que puedan hacer frente a pagos para necesidades bsicas, como comida, vivienda, o ropa. Para poder colectar el SSI (informacià ³n en inglà ©s) es preciso cumplir con ciertos requisitos de edad, incapacidad que son fijados por la ley y, al mismo tiempo, tener ingresos o recursos inferiores a una cantidad tambià ©n fijada legalmente. Por ejemplo, pueden ser beneficiarios las personas de 65 aà ±os o mayores, los ciegos, las personas mayores de 18 que tienen una minusvalà ­a o enfermedad fà ­sica o mental que les impida ganarse la vida o que haya durado o pueda durar ms de 12 meses. Tambià ©n se puede solicitar el SSI para los menores de 18 aà ±os con una minusvalà ­a fà ­sica o mental que limite severamente su funcionalidad. Se aplica por este beneficio a la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social. La cantidad mxima que se puede cobrar mensualmente la fija cada aà ±o el Congreso, para el aà ±o fiscal 2012 est establecida en $698 para una persona o $1,048 para el caso de parejas. La cantidad puede ser menor, dependiendo de las circunstancias personales de cada uno, como puede ser tener ingresos adicionales, tener donde vivir, etc. Este beneficio puede recibirse por siete aà ±os, a contar desde el momento de entrada. Aunque en los aà ±os fiscales 2009-2010-2011 estuvo aplicado a nueve aà ±os. Una vez transcurrido ese periodo de tiempo, no se podr colectar ms el SSI, excepto si el beneficiario se ha convertido en ciudadano o si ya se cobraba con anterioridad al 22 de agosto de 1996. En la mayorà ­a de los estados, calificar para recibir pagos en concepto de SSI da derecho automticamente a beneficiarse de Medicaid. Asistencia Temporal para Familias Necesitadas (TANF, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Las familias con hijos menores de 18 aà ±os con escasos recursos pueden recibir ayuda econà ³mica mediante este programa por un plazo mximo de 60 meses. Los pagos pueden ser continuos o discontinuos, segà ºn vayan cambiando las circunstancias econà ³micas de cada familia. Este es un programa que administran cada uno de los estados. Como consecuencia la cantidad a recibir en cada uno puede variar grandemente. Pero en ningà ºn caso es una cantidad alta. Asimismo, dependiendo del estado, las personas que reciben dinero por TANF (informacià ³n en inglà ©s), pueden beneficiarse de Medicaid. Lo que no es posible es que una misma persona colecte al mismo tiempo pagos por TANF y por SSI. Asistencia para refugiados Los cubanos que entran en Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados y que carezcan de ingresos o recursos pero no pueden solicitar ayuda de TANF o SSI porque no cumplen alguno de los requisitos pueden beneficiarse de los programas de Asistencia en dinero en efectivo para refugiados (RCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) o el de Asistencia mà ©dica para refugiados (RMA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Por ejemplo, este programa aplica a los adultos solteros o a las parejas sin hijos y menores de 65 aà ±os que no sufren de ninguna minusvalà ­a pero carecen de medios para pagar por sus necesidades bsicas. El programa RCA es administrado por los estados por lo que la cantidad a recibir mensualmente por los beneficiados puede variar mucho. El importe que se entrega puede ser en dinero o en la forma de pago de facturas de electricidad, renta de la vivienda o calefaccià ³n o similares. En cuanto al RMA, es tambià ©n un programa gestionado a nivel estatal. Como regla general los beneficios son similares a los de Medicaid en ese mismo estado. Tanto el RCA como el RMA se pueden colectar, si se califica para ser beneficiario, por un mximo de ocho meses. Cuotas migratorias Despuà ©s de un aà ±o y un dà ­a de presencia en Estados Unidos se aplica para la tarjeta de residencia. Si en ese momento se est pasando por una situacià ³n de necesidad econà ³mica podrà ­a ser posible calificar para no pagar por ese trmite migratorio A tener en cuenta Estos beneficios no aplican a todos los cubanos que entran a EEUU. Por ejemplo, no califican los que vienen con el patrocinio de un familiar ciudadano. Tampoco a los cubanos que llegan a Estados Unidos con otro pasaporte, como por ejemplo el espaà ±ol o el italiano, a menos que consigan un cambio de calificacià ³n en sus papeles. Seguirn aplicando a los cubanos que ingresaron por pies secos pies mojados en los à ºltimos tiempos y todavà ­a no han cumplido el aà ±o y un dà ­a para ajustar su estatus. A tener en cuenta Cuando hay cambios migratorios, como en en este caso en que se puso fin a pies secos pies mojados, es imperativo desconfiar de aquellas personas que prometen arreglar papeles, que aseguran conocer a alguien en el sistema, etc. Ms que nunca hay que asesorarse con una organizacià ³n de asistencia a migrantes o con abogados migratorios reputados. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Battle Ship Potemkin Essays - Catherine The Great, Russian Nobility

Battle Ship Potemkin Essays - Catherine The Great, Russian Nobility Battle Ship Potemkin Battleship Potemkin The silent film Battleship Potemkin started off on a high, the sailors refusing to eat the meat and soup they were served because it was covered with maggots, for some reasoned really captured my attention. The setting was on a large ship that showed us many areas, so it was not focused on one area, they showed the galley where the sailors eat, and they showed the sleeping quarters and the main deck. The also went off land which added a special touch to the film for there was actual footage of a country. When the oppression began it was strange, for it went from the sailors who didnt eat, getting there soup stolen to having towns people getting killed babies falling down stairs and solders shooting everything in there paths. It was interesting to see the towns people walk by the coffin of the dead sailor and pay their respects to a person they do not know. The casting was well done as said in the notes, some of the actors were picked to look the part but a lot were just regular sailors and that added a special touch to it, you saw strong body instead of little scrawny bodies. It was nice to see tricks being done, meaning stunts. I enjoyed seeing the sailors jump off the ship to go rescue the other sailor it added a special touch. I must say that he movie was a little strange but in general I would recommend it for it technique, different settings and actors.

College course appeal letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College course appeal letter - Assignment Example Time wastage is another reason why I feel that this course should be transferred. At the current state, I will be required to dedicate a lot of time attending classes, doing assignments and other projects required under Course 123 that I did under Course ABC. I therefore believe that redoing this course will be a duplication of efforts and I could spend the time on other course units and related activities such as academic research. In addition, the university ought to acknowledge a credential course certificate from another university and further approve the transfer of such a course for any student. Lastly, the university should allow for the transfer of this course because I not only completed it but also passed and having to repeat it will be a demoralizing experience for me. I hope you will give me the chance to have the course transferred. Thank you for considering this

Triad Problematic of Youth Entrepreneurship Research Proposal - 4

Triad Problematic of Youth Entrepreneurship - Research Proposal Example I am considering to replace my used car with another one with a budget I can afford. My net worth in cash does not exceed  £5,000. I will need to finance the rest of the budget via the sale of my old car. The car I currently own has high mileage and can only be sold at the lowest minimum price of 7,266. I decided to vend my automobile to the broker from whom I will get the new car. Even with the finance that I may get from the sale of my motor vehicle, I will not be able to get to the price if the new car that is being sold for 17,293 as the lowest price. The sales representative is allowed to make a sale at this price or higher than that. He is looking to make a deal before closing the business for the weekend. The deal is to be completed on the third day of the following week. Since I cannot afford the car with my total budget from the cash I have and the cash I get from the sale of the car, I need to get extra funds. The total funds that I can afford just exceed 12,000. In this case, I may request for a loan worth 5,000 in order to complete my purchases. In my course of negotiation, I came to realize that I will be able to get a loan from the car dealers. There are some rates that are offered, and the salesperson has to meet. The rules that guide the sales representative are vital in business operations (Jones, Chin, & Aiken, 2014, p. 91). The boss will need to see if the salesman utilizes the skills that he had gotten from the college level in carrying out the business. The skills also entail making a higher bid for the loans. I came to realizes that the higher loan the salesman makes with the client, the higher the special bonus.  

Factors of production and circular flow of income Coursework - 2

Factors of production and circular flow of income - Coursework Example According to Samuelson (2010) the central concern of economics is solving three vital problems: what to produce, how to produce and for whom and the solution lies in making choices between inputs and outputs. The aim of this paper is thus to discuss the factors of production and the circular flow of income. To achieve this, the paper will be divided into various sections. The first section will be discussion on what economics is and the problems it seeks to address. It will also cover the importance of economics and brief explanation of different economies such as the market, command and mixed economy as mechanisms of allocating scarce resources. The second section will address the factors of production: land, labour, capital and enterprise. It will discuss their functions, qualities and how their productivity can be improved. The third section will discuss the circular flow of income which shows flow of inputs and outputs between firms and households or at microeconomics level. Last ly, a brief summary of the main points will be given. What is economics and why study economics? Samuelson (2010: 4) defines economics as â€Å"the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable goods and services and distribute them among different individuals.† It aims at producing the highest combination of quality and quantity of goods and services thus enhancing efficiency. Efficiency according to Samuelson is achieved when no individual’s economic welfare can be improved unless someone else is made worse off (p. 5). When efficiency is achieved the welfare of the whole society is improved. Many people might think that it is not essential to study economics but it has a lot of benefits. According to Lipsey and Chrystal (2011) economics is important in helping to understand the world in which we live and to become astute participants in the economy. It helps us to understand business cycles in relation to credit, unemployment and policies put in pla ce to deal with such crises. It also helps people to understand international trade and the effects of globalisation especially in modern era where production has gone global. Government policies to promote economic growth, use of resources, full employment and price stabilisation are also the product of economic analysis. Economics takes a scientific approach to analysis of issues in the economy and also applies econometrics to economic problems. It is based on the principle of holding other things constant when analysing variables (Gitman and McDaniel, 2008). Economics is divided into two categories: micro and macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with markets, firms and households while macroeconomics deals with the whole economy but we shall concentrate on microeconomics. Human wants are numerous or unlimited and as stated earlier, resources are scarce. As such, it is difficult to satisfy the unlimited wants thus choices have to be made that would lead to efficient allocation of resources. For example, if a firm decides to produce household items, it foregoes the opportunity or alternative of producing industrial items or any other product. The benefits the firm could have gotten by dealing with industrial items (the next best alternative) are what Samuelson (2010) calls opportunity cost. Economics is all about making choices on what to produce, how to produce and for whom given technology and scarce resources (Wessels, 2006). Whatever choice is

Impact of Global Forces and Complex Interdependencies

Impact of Global Forces and Complex Interdependencies Impact of Global Forces and Complex Interdependencies on the Modern State System In Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond Globalization, Rosenau argues that the world is a rapidly undergoing an epochal transformation. Part of this random transformation is the relentless scientific and technological advancements which have resulted in a collapsed time and distance. Consequently, this has altered the dimensions of the political space. In addition, Rosenau provides a detailed and multifaceted analysis of the complexities of globalization as opposed to the ever-shrinking world of uncertainty, contradictions, and change. In his analysis, Rosenau traces the links which indicate the interactions between people at the individual level and institutions such as states, multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations. In addition, the emerging new realities at the global level has contributed to people increasingly pervading the routines of life at home and opt for distant proximities. Rosenau distinguishes between local, global and private worlds through their inhabitants orientations towards developments elsewhere. He also analyzes how the residents of these worlds shape and are also shaped by the diverse collectivities of the global stage. The local worlds such as the state level of governance are undergoing an enormous transformation which is leading to a decline (Rosenau 79). However, it is still not possible to draw clear-cut lines between the local and the global worlds because they both embrace the concepts of mental constructs as well as geographical spaces hence not easy to delineate unmistakable boundaries that separate various types of local worlds (Rosenau 80). Similarly, Rosenau states that there are at least four global worlds which are totally different from one another. As opposed to the local worlds, the global worlds are populated by individuals who share the tendencies to think and act on a scale exceeding the local context. However, the global worlds are differentiated by the ways in which the large scale is conceived (Rosenau 118). Three of the four worlds is populated by the Affirmative Globals, elites activists and persons whose thoughts and actions are worldwide in scale. In addition, the people are not bound by the territorial boundaries. However, there is one global world which is resistant and it is no less worldwide in scale in terms of orientation. Rosenau also suggests that the Specialized Globals are the persons whose territorial orientation are not bounded locally. However, they are only oriented towards limited issues on the global agenda. Rosenau further asserts that states as local worlds cannot alone suffice to achieve a benign globalization. However, he is quick to note that through enhanced local worlds, it is easier to achieve environmental protection, global social equity, large scale bureaucracy and undemocratic tendencies at the global level. The introduction of global democracy through the existing state-wide systems is not innovative according to Rosenau. The reason is because the practice of adhering to the traditional modes of international relations through multinational treaties among nations results to difficulties in terms of enforcement. According to Rosenau,   states cannot be forced to bind themselves and neither can binding treaties be forced absolutely. Therefore, since the world is taking a global perspective in terms of economies and governance, the state system is slowly crumbling hence rendering the realist paradigm obsolete. In the first three chapters of the book, Rosenau outlines the crux of his theory in terms of world affairs. According to his theory, the emergent epoch in globalization is characterized by the fact that no events are truly remote or irrelevant (Rosenau 3). According to him, even the most seemingly localized happenings usually have far-reaching consequences to other people regardless of their locations. In addition, the contemporary world is highly fragmented which implies a perversive interaction between both the fragmenting and the integrating dynamics which are unfolding at every level of the community (Rosenau 11). The author also undertakes a comparison between the past state of events before and after globalization. According to him, the macrostructures such as the governments and corporations are less central and historical currently than they used to be before the age of globalization. Unlike in the past when state system was common, individuals have become more involved with the course of events. Therefore, a primary reason why the state system is breaking down is because it was more concerned with the macro structures. On the contrary, the global forces of complex interdependencies are rapidly emerging because it is not only based on the actions and motives of the collectives, but also to the micro-macro interactions between the individual people and the institutions representing them (Rosenau 25). Under fragmentation, Rosenau describes four major trends which describe the current fragmenting and interacting forces. The first trend evident in the modern world is skill revolution whereby the pace at which individuals are acquiring skills has expanded at a faster rate compared to the previous epoch (Rosenau 233). The second trend which is hampering the state system while promoting globalization is the modern technological advancement and concurrent information revolution leading to a rapid exchange of the same (Rosenau 256). The last two major developments which have supported fragmentation include the attenuation of the traditional authority structures such as governments and replacement of the same by new, more flexible spheres of authority such as nongovernmental actors. The new development has shifted the linear into the nonlinear and the sequential into the simultaneous (Rosenau 262). Rosenau also applies his theoretical framework on globalization in four main global issues including corruption, human rights, quality of governance and poverty. He categorically outlines the changes that have been experienced in human right protection in terms of the four fragmegrative dynamics. Among the major issues analyzed include the tension between the national sovereignty and individual liberties. Also, the author discusses the human right issues related to civil versus social and economic rights. As opposed to the state system which has a reputation for denying individual rights depending on the constitution and the form of government in charge, the global system is more open to various aspects of human rights. In addition, the global system counterchecks the rights of individuals on a global scale hence deriving the existing differences between various systems. The book also discuss various ways in which the people experience fragmentation in the current global system. According to Rosenau, people are more concerned about populating any of the twelve worlds which correspond to a predominant perspective of life. Based on this perspective, people are likely to arrange their priorities in consistent with the available opportunities, the values they hold dear, the goals they aspire, the horizons viewed as salient and the threats conceived as serious (Rosenau 41). This provides the ultimate difference between the state and the global system which Rosenau names as the local and the global worlds. According to him, people think and act on a scale which exceeds the local context (Rosenau 118). The four private worlds which are neither local nor global worlds include the Tuned-Out Passives, the Cynics, the Illegals and the Circumstantial Passives (Rosenau 154). Using the twelve world model, Rosenau has created an innovative method of contemplating a bout globalization both at the state and at the individual level. In the global level, the society and its people are increasingly becoming interdependent. Consequently, its situations and conflicts are also becoming complex. These complexities are proving extremely difficult to address using the long-standing norms (Rosenau 205). Some of the complexities of the global system which are are increasingly paralyzing the state system include the expanded war on terrorism, the effort of the International Criminal Court to prosecute foreign heads of state accused of crimes against humanity and cyber terrorism. Although Rosenau emphasizes the need to reflect on the past recorded processes of observation, it is also critical to select out some circumstances as important and dismissing others as trivial. Another impact of globalization outlined by Rosenau is on the structures of authority. According to him, most of the authority structures in various parts of the world have become overtaken by crises as a result of dynamics of fragmegration (Rosenau 273). Most of the state systems are vulnerable to global crises requiring a wider range of solutions beyond the territorial boundaries. In addition, it is important to move meaningfully beyond globalization in the transformation of   structures, institutions and processes which are key to the sustenance of the modern economic, political and social life (Rosenau 274). Although Rosenau makes critical arguments in the book, there are several shortcomings with his theories on globalization. For instance, the concepts of distant proximities, micro-macro interactions which he describes at the books postscript are so obvious. Secondly, he does not back some his contentious claims with adequate evidence such as historical comparisons. This makes his theoretical constructs null and void. In addition, Rosenau fails to take a position consistently on most of his argument especially on the matters of the importance of dichotomies in his theoretical constructs. However, he provides an alternative and unique angle through which globalization can be studied and its influence on the current state system clearly seen. Work Cited Rosenau, James N. Distant proximities: dynamics beyond globalization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2003.

Charlie Don’t Surf: The Clash Protest Imperialism Essay -- Political P

By definition, imperialism is extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. That ideology is best exemplified by the Vietnam War because the United States invaded North Vietnam to prevent the dissemination of Communism into South Vietnam, which is ultimately an attempt at exuding power and influence by using military force. The Clash recognized the homogeneity between the American imperialism of the Vietnam war and the forced Westernization of the non-Western world, particularly third world nations; thusly, the band chose the Vietnam War as a backdrop for â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† because of it’s relevance to American culture at the time. The Clash released the album Sandinista! in 1980; this album is home to the highly overlooked song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf.† The intent of this paper is to analyze the song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and examine it’s use of historical and cultural compone nts to protest imperialism forced upon third world countries by the United States. This paper will specifically analyze The Clash’s emergence from a tumultuous political climate as well as the decision to title the album Sandinista!. Musical composition and lyrical structure aids in demonstrating the protest of imperialism upon multiple levels and distinguishes the link between the â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and a similar scene in the film Apocalypse Now. Emerging from England’s punk rock scene in 1977, The Clash morphed from traditional punk beginnings into the new wave movement. Described as â€Å"a more genuine, radical, proletarian,† sector of the punk genre, it was evident the band was destined to transcend musical boundaries.1 The Clash’s trademark idiosyncrasy is their layering of cultural remarks with historical relevancy througho... ...rus of â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† in the car, or helicopter, does not provide the background knowledge of the songs origins. In a way, without paying attention to the song, it mocks the ability to lose people into the music. Works Cited 1 Moore, Allan F. "Punk Rock." In Grove Music Online: Oxford Music Online.2 Browning, Boo. "The Clash: Another Flash of Lightning." The Washington Post, 1981.3 "The Clash Official Site." http://www.theclash.com/#/about/.4 Cowley, Jason. "The 1980s: 'England Was Convulsed by a Social and Political Revoltion'." Guardian, 2009.5 Ibrahim, Youssef M. "Britain's Economy Is Worsening Despite Mrs. Thatcher's Policies." The New York Times, 1980, 1.6 "Augusto Ceasar Sandino." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition: 1.7 The Clash. "Charlie Don't Surf." Sandinista! 1980. CD.8 Coppola, Francis Ford. "Apocalypse Now." 153 min, 1979.

After Reading “The Nightingale and the Rose”

â€Å"The Nightingale and the Rose† Oscar Wilde Topic: What do you think about the statement: â€Å"Life is very dear to all† Almost people realize that life is really marvellous when they are in the boundary between life and death. Even the nightingale could see so clearly that she cried â€Å"Life is very dear to all† as she knew the price that she had to pay for getting a red rose.In the nightingale’s eyes, life gives her a large number of nice things such as watching the golden Sun, the pearly Moon and the natural sweet. People do not have the good sense of those like the bird. However, they know that love is one of the most beautiful given things. That is a long-lasting and great relationship in the bird’s thought. Because of this, she was willing to give up her life to bring the Student a gift which would make him happily.The birth’s death to have a red rose seems to be the thing that life gave to the Student. Thanks to the bird, he had a rose to give to his loved girl. â€Å"Life is really dear to all† is the statement that leads people to many thoughts. Life is not nice all the times. In another words, it gives people a lot of drawbacks. However, each day is an unforgettable moment, and each disadvantage is a lesson to help people become more mature. â€Å"Life is really dear to all† when people are contented with all they have now.

John Donne Critical Quotes Essays

John Donne Critical Quotes Essays John Donne Critical Quotes Paper John Donne Critical Quotes Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Achsah Guibbory on inevitability of contradiction For Donne, For Donne, the process of examining emotional expereince inevitably produces poetry of contradicitons Achsah Guibbory on influences on love poetry he turns he turns to the Roman Ovid, rather than imitating the Petrarchan love poetry Achsah Guibbory on Narrative Voice Unlike his Unlike his contemporary Ben JonsonDonne adopts different roles and postures Barbara Lewalski on Holy Sonnets Finding the Finding the whole of salvation traced in ones own soul (Non-Ignatian) C.S Lewis on puzzles There are There are puzzles in his work, but we can solve them all if we are clever enough C.S Lewis on love poetry His love His love poetry is Hamlet without the prince C.S Lewis on love and hate The love The love of hatred and the hatred of love C.S Lewis on Metaphysical The very The very qualities which make him unsatisfying poetic food make it a valuable ingredient C.S Lewis on Love Love is Love is a god and lovers his clergy Izaak Walton on Narrative Voice There are There are two Donnes: Jack Donne; and Dr John Donne John Wall on Holy Sonnets His despair His despair is never without a move towards hope; his hope, never without a move towards despair Louis Martz on Holy Sonnets A continually A continually shifting series of dramatic momentstemporary conclusionsbut all only for a moment final' Michel Montaigne on Contradiction I find I find nothing more difficult to believe than mans consistency, and nothing more easy than his inconsistency Ovid on Love Love is Love is a kind of warfare Peterson on Holy Sonnets The First The First Sonnet poses the problem that the sequence attemtps to resolve Samuel Jonson on Conceits dicordia concorsi dicordia concorsi the discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike Samuel Jonson on Wit Those writers Those writers who on the watch for novelty could have little hope of greatness Samuel Jonson on buried wit Genuine wit Genuine wit and useful knowledge may be sometimes found, buried in the grossness of expression Samuel Jonson on Metaphysicals as not being poets Instead of Instead of writing poetry they only write verse Samuel Jonson on Wit Wit which Wit which is at once natural and newthe metaphysicals have seldom risen Samuel Jonson on Hyperbole Confused magnificence Confused magnificence thatcould not be imagined T.S Eliot on Complexity A development A development by rapid succession of thought which requires considerable agility on the part of the reader T.S Eliot on Metaphysical Poets more Poets more often named than read T.S Eliot on goal of the Metaphysicals Trying to Trying to find the verbal equivalent for states of mind and feeling T.S Eliot on Wit Donne elaborates Donne elaborates a figure of speech to the furthest stage to which ingenuity can carry it T.S Eliot response to Johnson All poetry All poetry is heterogeneous Thomas Carew on Metaphysical Donne purgd Donne purgd The Muses garden, threw awaythe lazie seeds / Of Servile imitationAnd fresh invention planted William Kerrigan on power and love Donnes love Donnes love poetry stems from a frustrated sense of power Helen Gardner on Openings The brilliant The brilliant abrupt openingsare like the lump of gold flung down on the table John Carey on Biography The first The first thingto remember about Donne is that he was a Catholic; the second, that he betrayed his faith. John Carey on Complexity The complexities The complexities are not riddles to be solved, but natural and unresolvable, like living. John Carey on argument He treats He treats argument not as an instrument for discovering truth but as a flexible poetic accessory John Carey on Conceits Angels, mummy, Angels, mummy, mandrakes, maps, coins, and shadows, they are meeting places for opposites. Dennis Flynn on Religion and apostasy I propose I propose that we describe Donne not as an apostate or as a blasphemer but simply as a survivor of the Elizabethan persecution. Roger B. Rollin on Biography Carey is Carey is a psychobiological critic for his reading of, the Holy Sonnets as if each poem were a versified treatment of an actual event in Donnes psychological life Ben Johnson on Narrative Voice Don[n]e for Don[n]e for not keeping accent deserved hanging. Samuel Coleridge on Wit With Donne, With Donne, whose muse on dromedary trots, / Wreathe iron pokers into true-love knots; / Rhymes sturdy cripple, fancys maze and clue. / Wits forge and fire-blast, meanings press and screw. T.S Eliot on Biography Donne found Donne found no substitute for sense, / To seize and clutch and penetrate; / Expert beyond experience, // He knew the anguish of the marrow / The ague of the skeleton; / No contact possible to flesh / Allayed the fever of the bone. Pope on Wit that which that which has been often thought, but was never before so well expressed Douglas Bush on Liminality wandering between wandering between two worlds Wilbur Sanders on Dependence Donne felt Donne felt his dependence on God to resemble his dependence on secular patronage Samuel Johnson on Unrealism imitating imitating neither nature nor life William Hazlitt on Complexity Some quaint Some quaint riddles in verse, which the Sphinx could not unravel Thomas De Quincey on Rhetoric A rhetorician, A rhetorician, not a poet Leigh Hunt on Intellectualism To look To look at nothing as it really is but only as to what may be thought of it Thomas Arnold on Donne being too intellectual A poet A poet of feeling could never stop to elaborate T.S Eliot on Intellectualism Devour any Devour any kind of experience into the cerebral cortex, the nervous system, and the digestive tract Virginia Woolf on Opposites His poetry His poetry admits contrasts and psychological intricacy Peter Conrad on Separation Donnes dramatic Donnes dramatic situations are analytic divorces Achsah Guibbory on Politics Love itself Love itself is political involving power transactions between men and women Al Alvarez on Confidence Spenser seeks Spenser seeks erudition, and Donne sprezzatura T.S Eliot on Dramatic devices telescoping of telescoping of images Grierson on Donne as a Catholic Donne would Donne would not have become a Protestant in a Catholic country J.B. Leishman on argument An argumentative poet John Carey on Opposites Imagined Corners, Imagined Corners, they are meeting places as opposites Stevie Davies on Sexism He attacks He attacks convention as castrated and saplesshe presents naked priapism and brags thereby his dangerous integrity

A Mexican American Cultural Experience

A Mexican American Cultural Experience America is the melting pot of the world. One can encounter many different cultures within a community. As a result, there are several options for cultural experiences available. One particular event that occurred within my community was a Mexican American Festival.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Mexican American Cultural Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a festival acknowledging the Day of Dead which was celebrated throughout Mexico on November 1. At first, I thought it was another Halloween party, but it turned out to be something completely different. In Mexico, the Day of Dead (Dà ­a de Muertos) is a traditional holiday to remember all of ones family members and friends who have passed away. As tradition goes, families will visit the cemetery and decorate the graves with colorful flowers, candles, and other little adornments. At home, the memorial continues as the families create an alter wi th a picture of the person who has passed away and they decorate this alter with things that were of interest to the deceased when they were alive. This is followed by a huge family gathering including music, food, and fun for everyone. The belief is that during the Day of the Dead, the deceased love will return and visit their alter. There were several people from the Mexican culture at the Mexican American Festival. There were several families with many children, seniors, and groups of friends. Many of the Hispanic people were dressed in authentic Mexican clothes including sombreros and boots for the men and large colorful, flowing dresses for the women. Others were dressed like the current fad. There was a mixture of different clothing, but one could tell it was a Mexican celebration because many had authentic wear or things one would not normally see in the American culture. The entire hall was decorated with skeletons and skulls which is a traditional Day of the Dead decoration in Mexico. There were also pià ±atas hanging from the ceiling and the lights were lowered with some disco lights. Each table was nicely decorated with small skulls of many different colors.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was a huge dance floor in the middle of the hall and a food buffet in the back of the hall. All of the deco rations were symbolistic of the Mexican culture and were very colorful and festive. It was hard to believe that this was a celebration of death. On the largest wall in the hall was a huge piece of while bulletin board paper with some pens where many of the Mexican people wrote the names of the their deceased family members and friends. This paper was full of name. A form of Mariachi music or salsa music was playing and many people were dancing and having a good time. For awhile, they had a live Mexican band and other times, they had a D J who played discs. The form of dance was very different from the American way of dancing. It seemed that all of the couples were dancing in a similar 1-2 step fashion. At times it was a salsa dance and other times it was a cumbia or a bachata dance. Some were dancing as a couple and others were dancing in a circle of friends. The music upbeat and lively throughout the entire party. There was also a lot of traditional Mexican food that would be eaten during the Day of the Dead in Mexico. One thing that stood out were the sugar skulls. There were little skulls made out of marzipan. In addition, there were also several skulls shaped cookies and cakes. All of the pastries were in the form of skeleton and skulls just as it is done in Mexico. Dinner was also available for those who were hungry. The menu consisted of tamales, tacos, beans, rice, chicken mole, pozole, and corn on the cob. All meals were served with warm corn tortillas. The food was free with paid admission and there was mo re than plenty to go around. Plenty of hot sauce was also available. As for drinks, there were Coca Colas, fruit juices, tea, and of course, Corona, the most famous beer of Mexico. Even though people were drinking alcohol, it was a family event and all was very well-controlled. The Day of the Day is a very festive day that is celebrated in all parts of Mexico. The Mexican people who live here in the United States continue to celebrate their tradition. I enjoyed the festival and I learned a lot about the Mexican culture. The food, the dance, the decorations and the symbolism behind the reason for the festival was very culturally oriented, educational, and entertaining.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Mexican American Cultural Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It gave me an entire new respect in the Mexican culture. By attending festivals such as this one, I feel that I better understand a small part of th e Mexican culture and it was an honor to be apart of such a sentimental memorial. It was a very important event for each and every participant and their Mexican pride was very evident. I believe that if more people could attend festivals such as this one; not only from the Mexican culture, but also from other cultures, much of the worlds racism might be eliminated. Racism stems from a lack of understand, and when one is offered opportunities such as this one, an opportunity for understanding the culture is available. Although I did not understand the language, I still had fun and for the most part, understood everything that was going on. Viva Mexico!

GREAT IDEAS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GREAT IDEAS - Assignment Example ut the nature of reality for instance, taking things as they appear to an individual without having to commit his senses to understanding them more by unlocking the hidden aspects through reading between the lines: At which point an individual ascends progressively to higher or best knowledge. In broadest terms, Plato’s allegory not only reveals how the cave is analogous with the physical world, but also how ultimately elements of philosophy progressively develop into the best grade of knowledge with the ability, according to Plato, to form the best individuals suitably refined by this knowledge to occupy and perform their duties in different levels of society according to their talents. Using the allegory of the cave, Plato sets out to explain a kind of ascent into knowledge, where an individual enters and emerges from the lowest and illusory grade of knowledge, and climbs to the level of the best knowledge of understanding reality. Thus the cave and all it represents is analogous to the physical world where an individual’s earlier judgments are seen to be mostly superficial by experience. However by and large, through his interaction with science and the realities of how things work, the body of knowledge gained becomes a prerequisite of improving and making better earlier impressions. This progressively leads to higher knowledge and the discovery of eternal ideas and forms like Justice, Truth, and Beauty which help in creating essential structures and basis for citizen’s capacity building in a state. Ascending into higher grade of knowledge is important and will equip an individual with a greater power of understanding and thus a refined capacity to make the best of any given situation. But certain aspects and problems require specific and specialized attention, for instance a critically ill patient. Besides leadership require certain individual characteristics and qualities that the knowledge of philosophy alone may not bequeath an

International monetary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

International monetary - Essay Example This occurs when it becomes impossible to maintain the deficit in the current account. This situation indicates, in general sense, that there will be shortage in the foreign exchange reserves and the particular country is no longer in a position to attract sufficient amount of capital inflows for financing the deficit. For handling this situation of crisis, the government takes measure with the motto of reducing the spending of consumers on imports (Economics Help, 2011). The paper will be presented in a compact manner with the brief explanations about the policies undertaken within the exchange rate regime and alternative approaches and then taking up the interrelationships between the two phenomena along with their critical evaluation. Exchange Rate Regime in Resolving BoP Crisis The approaches under the exchange rate regime are floating, fixed and pegged exchange rate regime. ... r the interest rates and monetary aggregates; whereas in the case of pegged exchange rate system, the central bank does so for achieving stability in price. In case of the floating exchange rate regime, the government does not intervene and the rate is determined by the foreign exchange market itself (Olson & He, 2011). Alternative Approaches in Resolving BoP Crisis The alternative approaches to resolve balance of payment crisis deals with the adjustment mechanisms which can be either automatic or discretionary. Automatic adjustment for resolving BoP crisis takes into account four variables under the fixed exchange rate regime. The variables are prices, interest rates, income and money. The alternative approaches, however, are three schools of thought on the adjustment mechanism. The viability of the three schools of thought that will be discussed in this paper are classical approach (1800s - early 1900s) which was centered around standard of gold and mainly emphasized on interest ra tes and prices, the Keynesian approach (1930s onwards) that emphasized on changes in income affecting adjustment and Monetary approach that emphasized on the role of money in adjustment and changes (Carbaugh, 2005). Viability of Classical and Keynesian Approach with Respect to Exchange Rate Regime The mechanism in the classical approach with respect to price adjustment was that money supply (in terms of gold) was directly related to BoP and BoP deficit would cause the money supply to shrink. This means nations in crisis would lose gold and cause the prices to fall. The lowered prices would result in competitive exports and reduce import demands, thus would restore equilibrium. The problem with this approach is that gold flows are not directly related to domestic supply of money and the

The Chinese dragon and its influence on Christianity in China Essay

The Chinese dragon and its influence on Christianity in China - Essay Example Generally, dragons have held positive connotations in culture of the Chinese since the time of the Song dynasty, in AD 960-1279. The Chinese made prayers to the dragon for rain. In Chinese culture, the dragon has been used as a symbol of imperial power; in fact, the emperor wore a dragon robe, reigned from a dragon throne and was thought to be a dragon incarnation (Yang 28-29). After several centuries, the dragon was chosen by the then Chinese Emperor Qing, to represent the Chinese nation. The dragon is apparently, today the most favourable of zodiac animals in china; the dragons perform dances often clad in red, during the Chinese New Year. Since the time that Christianity made its way into China, most Christian believers have held the view that the Biblical and the Chinese dragons are very distinct creatures and have ultimately accepted them; however, there are other shunned Chinese dragons, arguing that they are demonic, just as the biblical one. This paper shows that the dragon-Chinese dragon has become an important but yet controversial symbol in China, greatly influencing the interpretations of Christianity by Chinese people. A closer look at the dragon throughout the history of Chinese Christianity shows greater influence and a process of both enculturation and indigenization with regards to how the dragon is conceived in both traditional Chinese and Christian Chinese (Yang and An 48). The difference and or equivalence between the biblical dragon and the Chinese dragon drawn in the mid-19th century by Chinese individuals as well as by religious figure from the west that brought Christianity. The leader of the Taiping Rebellion between 1814 and 1864, Hong Xiuquan, considered himself as having being commissioned by God to slay the serpent of Revelation; the red big dragon; he also referred to the Manchu rulers as demons/serpents. This consideration of the Chinese dragon as equivalent to the biblical/Revelation’s dragon is evident in his condemnation of the popular rain dragon from the Eastern Sea, considered by the Chinese to traditionally bring rain (Michael 39).The second in command to Hong Xiuquan, Hong Ren’gan is also seen to understand the existence of the controversy concerning the dragon. He decreed that, â€Å"†¦all public notices and memorials had political significance and that the use of demon-like expression such as the dragon must not be used (Giddens and Giddens 78). Many scholars have argued that the negative connotations on the Chinese dragon during the reign of Hong Ren’gan were a clear indication of the influence that the advent of Christianity had on the Chinese culture. In fact, it-the dragon is not used anywhere in Liang Fa’s book, Good Words Admonish Age (Yang 101). In fact Hong argued that his attitude and vies of the dragon was largely influenced by Christianity. This condemnation however was not a universal one, but was more pragmatic and selective. Accordingly, he argued that the Taiping’s used precious dragon to adorn their utensils their imperial seal and vestments; this was apparently acceptable when compared to visions of heavenly golden dragons. In so doing, Hong certainly retained the imperial dragon that could his imperial authority; he discarded to dragon deity, which served as a source of devotion for the Chinese. The Taiping’s thus went ahead and propagated Hong ’s vie of dragons being devils; this resulted in subsequent transfer of individual religious affiliations between the Taipings and Christians, which offered the opportunity of diffusion of the beliefs. It is clearly, however, that Hong’

Rizal in Japan Essay Example for Free

Rizal in Japan Essay JAPAN Among the happiest moments of Rizal in his life was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. He stayed in Japan for one month and a half from February 28 to April 13, 1888. He was charmed by the natural beauty of Japan, the manners of the Japanese people and the picturesque of shrines. He also fell in love with a Japanese girl, who loveliness infused joy and romance in his sorrowing heart. Morning of Tuesday, February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived at Yokohama and stayed in the Grand Hotel. The following day, he moved to Tokyo and took a room at the Tokyo Hotel where he stayed from March 2 to 7. He was impressed by the city of Tokyo. After his arrival in Tokyo, Rizal was visited by Juan Perez caballero, secretary of Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal knew that this was the Spanish government’s way of monitoring Rizal but he accepted anyways. On March 7, he moved out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation. He and Perez Caballero became good friends and described him as a young, fine and an excellent writer. During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal could talk the Japanese language. He had a hard time for shopping for he could not be understood and children laughed at him. With his situation, Rizal decided to study the Japanese language. He was able to speak within a few days. At Japan he studied the Japanese drama, arts, music, and judo. He also visited museums, libraries, art galleries, and shrines. He visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita, and the charming villages of Japan. During one time, Rizal went to the park and heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss. He was impressed by the great performances of the Western music. He thought to himself how admirable their renditions are and ondered how they have assimilated the modern European music to the extent of playing the beautiful masterpieces of the European composers so well. The band stopped playing and to his surprised they were speaking

Essay --

Judaism is a religion mainly all jews believe in. Judaism comes from a latin based word; Iudaismus. Judaism is a monotheistic religion, monotheistic means a belief in only one god or praiser. Judaism is thought as the relation god established with the children of israel. The jewish holy bible is called a torah, the torah can also be referred to as tanakh or hebrew bible. there are different time periods of the jewish people sadducees and hellenistic judaism during the second temple period,the karaites and sabbateans during the medieval period, and now a days orthodox and reformed jews. Judaism roots start in the middle east during the bronze age. Of all the major world religions, Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism is a very sacred religion to the jews and is a way of life for many jews. Jews are ethnoreligious group, In 2012, the world population of jew was estimated at about 14 million, or 0.2% of the world population. About 42% of all Jews l ive in israel and about 42% live in the U.S.A and Canada, with most of the remaining jews in Europe,South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. jews are considered jews. Jews are considered jewish if they're born with a jewish mother. American reformed judaism and British Liberal judaism accept the child of any jewish blood from either mom or dad. jews can switch to another religion but in some forms of judaism is no longer considered jews.Jews pray 3 times daily and a 4th time on special occasions, the three prayers are Shacharit,Mincha, and Ma’ariv. these are recite in the morning,before drinking and eating, and after drinking or eating. Jews were a kippah, a rounded skull cap,worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studyi... ... Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on Jewish ethics.mashgiach - Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi. The three major beliefs in judiasm is 1. All humans were created in the image of God 2. Live by the teachings of the Torah and keep the commandments. 3. Judaism teaches that one day a Messiah, or person of God, will unite the world bringing peace to all of humanity. I talked a lot about connecting think these are the most important because judaism teaches that one will be connected with god and the world shall come to peace and these three would be my top choice

Motivation Theory

Needs – drives – behaviour – goals – reduction or release of tension Behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. The word unsatisfied is most important. As Maslow says, â€Å"If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator. † Kelly’s model of motivation presents a sort of chicken-egg dilemma. Which comes first, the goal or the need? When we talk about behaviour being goal-oriented, we mean that individuals feel a need, want, desire or drive to do something that leads to the achievement of a goal.But is the goal, as part of the self, already there? Is it the factor that stimulates the need? Are goals and needs the same thing? It is useful to separate the two concepts. We can define a goal as that outcome which we strive to attain in order to satisfy certain needs. The goal is the end result, the need the driving force that spurs us towards that result. A student might have a goal to get an A in a course, but this goal may reflect a number of different needs.He or she may feel a need to confirm his or her competence; friends may all be getting A’s; he or she may wish to have the esteem of others; simply to do the best possible: to keep a scholarship. It is difficult to infer needs from goals. We talk about money as a motivator. Money represents so many different things to different people that saying that individuals â€Å"work for money† is meaningless. What we have to know is what needs the money is satisfying. Is it survival, status, belonging, achievement, a convenient scorecard for performance?Remember, behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. Every individual has a number of needs which vie for satisfaction. How do we choose between these competing forces? Do we try to satisfy them all? Much like a small child in a candy store, faced with the dilemma of spending his or her allowance, we are forced to decide what we want the most; that is we satisfy the strongest need first. Although there is general agreement among psychologists that man experiences a variety of needs, there is considerable disagreement as to what these needs are – and their relative importance.There have been a number of attempts to present models of motivation which list a specific number of motivating needs, with the implication that these lists are all-inclusive and represent the total picture of needs. Unfortunately, each of these models has weaknesses and gaps, and we are still without a general theory of motivation. In this article, I will describe the four main theories of motivation. These are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory, The Need for Achievement and David McClelland’s work and Vroom’s Expectancy Motivation Theory. Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham MaslowOne model of motivation that has gained a l ot of attention, but not complete acceptance, has been put forward by Abraham Maslow. Maslow’s theory argues that individuals are motivated to satisfy a number of different kinds of needs, some of which are more powerful than others (or to use the psychological jargon, are more prepotent than others). The term prepotency refers to the idea that some needs are felt as being more pressing than others. Maslow argues that until these most pressing needs are satisfied, other needs have little effect on an individual’s behaviour.In other words, we satisfy the most prepotent needs first and then progress to the less pressing ones. As one need becomes satisfied, and therefore less important to us, other needs loom up and become motivators of our behaviour. Maslow represents this prepotency of needs as a hierarchy. The most prepotent needs are shown at the bottom of the ladder, with prepotency decreasing as one progresses upwards. SELF-ACTUALISATION – reaching your maxim um potential, doing you own best thing ESTEEM – respect from others, self-respect, recognitionBELONGING – affiliation, acceptance, being part of something SAFETY – physical safety, psychological security PHYSIOLOGICAL – hunger, thirst, sex, rest The first needs that anyone must satisfy are physiological. As Maslow says: â€Å"Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most prepotent of all needs. What this means specifically is that in the human being who is missing everything in life in an extreme fashion, it is most likely that the major motivation would be the physiological needs rather than any others.A person who is lacking food, safety, love and esteem would probably hunger for food more strongly than anything else†. Once the first level needs are largely satisfied, Maslow maintains, the next level of needs emerges. Individuals become concerned with the need for safety and security – protection from physical harm, disaster, illness and security of income, life-style and relationships. Similarly, once these safety needs have become largely satisfied, individuals become concerned with belonging – a sense of membership in some group or groups, a need for affiliation and a feeling of acceptance by others.When there is a feeling that the individual belongs somewhere, he or she is next motivated by a desire to be held in esteem. People need to be thought of as worthwhile by others, to be recognised as people with some value. They also have a strong need to see themselves as worthwhile people. Without this type of self-concept, one sees oneself as drifting, cut off, pointless. Much of this dissatisfaction with certain types of job centres around the fact that they are perceived, by the people performing them, as demeaning and therefore damaging to their self-concept.Finally, Maslow says, when all these needs have been satisfied at least to some extent, people are motivated by a desire to self-actualise, to ach ieve whatever they define as their maximum potential, to do their thing to the best of their ability. Maslow describes self-actualisation as follows: â€Å"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can do, he must do. This need we may call self-actualisation †¦ It refers to the desire for self-fulfilment, namely the tendency for one to become actualised in what one is potentially.This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The specific form these needs take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may be expressed maternally, as the desire to be an ideal mother, in another athletically, in still another aesthetically, the painting of pictures, and in another inventively in the creation of new contrivances. It is not necessarily a creative urge although in people who have any capabilitie s for creation it will take this form.†Several points must be made concerning Maslow’s model of motivation. First, it should be made clear that he does not mean that individuals experience only one type of need at a time. In fact, we probably experience all levels of needs all the time, only to varying degrees. In many parts of the world, hunger is a genuine reality but we have all experienced the phenomenon of not being able to concentrate upon a job because of a growling stomach. Productivity drops prior to lunch as people transfer their thoughts from their jobs to the upcoming meal.After lunch, food it not uppermost in people’s minds but perhaps rest is, as a sense of drowsiness sets in. Similarly, in almost all organisational settings, individuals juggle their needs for security (â€Å"Can I keep this job? †) with needs for esteem (â€Å"If I do what is demanded by the job, how will my peers see me, and how will I see myself? †) Given a situatio n where management is demanding a certain level of performance, but where group norms are to produce below these levels, all these issues are experienced. If the individual does not produce to the level demanded by management, he or she may lose the job (security).But if he or she conforms to management’s norms rather than those of the group, it may ostracise him or her (belonging) while the individual may see him or herself as a turncoat (esteem) and may have a feeling of having let the side down (self-esteem. ) We do not progress simply from one level in the hierarchy to another in a straightforward, orderly manner; there is a constant, but ever-changing pull from all levels and types of needs. A second point that must be made about Maslow’s hierarchy is that the order in which he has set up the needs does not necessarily reflect their prepotence for every individual.Some people may have such a high need for esteem that they are able to subordinate their needs for sa fety, or their physiological or belonging needs to these. The war hero springs to mind. There is little concern for safety or physical comfort as the seeker of glory rushes forward into the muzzle of destruction. A third, and very important point to be made about Maslow’s hierarchical model is the assertion that once a need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator – until it re-emerges. Food is a poor motivator after a meal. The point in this is clear for management.Unfortunately, many organisations and individuals still fail to get the message. Most incentive schemes are based upon needs that have already been largely satisfied. If management placed emphasis on needs that have not been satisfied, employees would be more likely to be motivated towards achieving the goals of the organisation. Human behaviour is primarily directed towards unsatisfied needs. Finally, an important aspect of Maslow’s model is that it provides for constant growth of the individual. Th ere is no point at which everything has been achieved.Having satisfied the lower needs, one is always striving to do things to the best of one’s ability, and best is always defined as being slightly better than before. There has been a great deal of debate over Maslow’s hierarchical concept of motivation. It has a basic attraction to most people because it seems to be logical, to make sense. Dual-Factor Theory – Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg and his associates began their research into motivation during the 1950?s, examining the models and assumptions of Maslow and others.The result of this work was the formulation of what Herzberg termed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory (M-H). The basic hypotheses of this theory are that: 1. There are two types of motivators, one type which results in satisfaction with the job, and the other which merely prevents dissatisfaction. The two types are quite separate and distinct from one another. Herzberg called the factors wh ich result in job satisfaction motivators and those that simply prevented dissatisfaction hygienes 2. The factors that lead to job satisfaction (the motivators) are:achievement recognition work itself responsibility advancement 3. The factors which may prevent dissatisfaction (the hygienes) are: company policy and administration working conditions supervision interpersonal relations money status securityHygienes, if applied effectively, can at best prevent dissatisfaction: if applied poorly, they can result in negative feelings about the job. Motivators are those things that allow for psychological growth and development on the job. They are closely related to the concept of self-actualisation, involving a challenge, an opportunity to extend oneself to the fullest, to taste the pleasure of accomplishment, and to be recognised as having done something worthwhile. Hygienes are simply factors that describe the conditions of work rather than the work itself.Herberg’s point is tha t if you want to motivate people, you have to be concerned with the job itselfand not simply with the surroundings. In a medical sense, growth, healing and development occur as natural internal processes. They are the result of proper diet, exercise, sleep etc. Hygienic procedures simply prevent disease from occurring. They do not promote growth per se. Herzberg says that we should focus our attention on the individuals in jobs, not on the things that we surround them with.He maintains that we tend to think that growth and development will occur if we provide good working conditions, status, security and administration, whereas in fact what stimulates growth (and motivation to grow and develop) are opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Once again, this theory has a basic attraction. As Joe Kelly puts it, however: â€Å"It is always as well to bear in mind that academics, who place considerable value on autonomy and inner direction, have an obse ssion about making work meaningful.The notion that it is possible to realise man’s true nature through creative work which is its own reward is an exceedingly attractive proposition to the learned don which is rarely fully shared by his wife†. Herzberg goes further than Maslow, cutting the hierarchy off near the top and maintaining that motivation results only from some elements of esteem needs and self-actualisation. The Need for Achievement – David McClelland The one single motivating factor which has received the most attention in terms of research, is the need for achievement (n-ach). As a result, we know more about n-ach than any other motivational factor.Much of this knowledge is due the work of David McClelland of Harvard. To illustrate what he means by the need for achievement, McClelland cites the following example: â€Å"Several years ago, a careful study was made of 450 workers who had been thrown out of work by a plant shutdown in Erie, Pennsylvania. Most of the unemployed workers stayed at home for a while and then checked with the employment service to see if their old jobs or similar ones were available. But a small minority among them behaved differently; the day they were laid off, they started job hunting.They checked both national and local employment offices; they studied the Help Wanted sections of the papers; they checked through their union, their church and various fraternal organisations; they looked into training courses to learn a new skill; they even left town to look for work, while the majority when questioned said they would not under any circumstances move away to obtain a job. Obviously the members of the active minority were differently motivated†. Individuals with a high n-ach have a number of distinctive characteristics which separate them from their peers.First of all, they like situations where they can take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems. This allows them to gain perso nal satisfaction from their achievements. They do not like situations where success or failure results from chance. The important thing is that the outcome be the result of their own skill and effort. A second characteristic of high n-ach people is that they like to set moderately high goals for themselves. These goals are neither so low that they can be achieved with little challenge, nor so high that they are impossible.High n-ach individuals prefer goals that require all-out effort and the exercise of all their abilities. Once again, the achievement of this type of objective results in greater personal satisfaction. This phenomenon can be observed in very young children. A child may be given a game of ring toss, told that he or she scores whenever a ring lands over the peg and then left alone to play the game. McClelland comments: â€Å"Obviously children who stand next to the peg can score a ringer every time; but if they stand a long distance away, they will hardly ever get a ringer.The curious fact is that children with a high concern for achievement quite consistently stand at moderate distances from the peg where they are apt to get achievement satisfaction †¦ The ones with low n-Achievement, on the other hand, distribute their choices of where to stand quite randomly over the entire distance. In other words, people with high n-Achievement prefer a situation where there is a challenge, where there is some real risk of not succeeding, but not so great a risk that they might not overcome it by their own efforts†.A third distinctive characteristic of high achievers is that they want concrete feedback on their performance. Only certain types of jobs provide this kind of feedback, however, and so some kinds of jobs are unattractive to high achievers. For instance, teachers receive only imprecise, hazy feedback as to the effectiveness of their efforts while production managers have a daily output chart to look at with either joy or disappointment . There are some additional minor characteristics possessed by high achievers. They tend to enjoy travel, are willing to give up a bird inthe hand for two in the bush and prefer experts to friends as working partners. The image is clear; the high achiever is a personality type suited admirably to certain jobs and not others. It would be wrong to treat all individuals as high achievers and attempt to motivate them by offering them challenging jobs, rapid and objective feedback on performance and personal responsibility for success or failure. The need for affiliation and the need for power McClelland has also identified two other types of need, the need for affiliation (n-affil) and the need for power (n-pow).His testing procedure is concerned with the application of what is known as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a series of pictures which are presented to a subject, one at a time. The individual is asked to tell a story about each picture. The underlying assumption of the TA T procedure is that it will reveal the dominant thoughts and attitudes of subjects. For instance, an individual with high n-ach will formulate stories concerned with getting things done, challenging situations, feelings of satisfaction at having done a good job and so on.The individual with a high need for affiliation (n-affil) will reflect sensitivity to the feelings of others, a desire for friendly relationships and a reference to situations which involve human interactions. High n-power subjects will relate stories reflecting the process of influencing others, controlling and manipulating others. The need for affiliation The need for affiliation is similar to Maslow’s need to belong. It can be a dominant motivating force affecting behaviour and may manifest itself in many different ways.The novelist John O’Hara was supposedly obsessed with the fact that, not having a college degree, he was excluded from membership of certain clubs and societies. At the other end of the spectrum, James Coyne, a former Governor of the Bank of Canada, was described as the most unclubbable man in the country, as he held an aversion to joining groups. In its most straightforward form, a need for affiliation manifests itself in a desire to be liked by others, to be part of a group, to enter into warm, personal relationships.High n-affil people value relationships over accomplishments, and friendship over power. The need for power In studying the motivational profiles of North American managers, McClelland noticed that many of those who reach the top of organisations and are rated as highly effective in their positions, demonstrate a concern for influencing people. This is, in McClelland’s terms, a need for power. This need is not simply seen as the raw desire to control others or simply to exert authority.McClelland makes the point that: â€Å"†¦ this need must be disciplined and controlled so that it is directed toward the benefit of the institution as a whole and not toward the manager’s personal aggrandisement. Moreover, the top manager’s need for power ought to be greater than his or her need for being liked by people. † Power motivation refers not to autocratic, tyrannical behaviour but to a need to have some impact, to be influential and effective in achieving organisational goals. Results McClelland examined the motivational needs of a large group of managers whose units demonstrated varying degrees of morale.The most important factor, in predicting whether a manager’s subordinates would exhibit high morale, turned out to be how their need for power related to their need for affiliation. Teams which exhibited higher morale were those in which the manager’s need or power exceeded their desire to be liked. McClelland puts forward the following explanation: â€Å"Sociologists have long argued that, for a bureaucracy to function effectively, those who manage it must be universalistic in applyi ng rules. That is, if they make exceptions for the particular needs of individuals, the whole system will break down.The manager with a high need to be liked is precisely the one who wants to stay on good terms with everybody and therefore is the one most likely to make exceptions in terms of in terms of particular needs. †¦Sociological theory and our data both argue †¦ that the person whose need for affiliation is high does not make a good manager. † Organisation man? Power-motivated managers, like achievement orientated managers and the affiliators, demonstrate distinct characteristics: They are highly organisation-minded. They feel responsible for building organisations to which they belong.They believe strongly in centralised authority. They like to work. This is different from the high achiever who likes to minimise work by becoming more efficient. While the high achiever minimises effort and maximises output, the power-motivated manager enjoys work for its own sake. They are willing to sacrifice some of their own self-interest for the good of the organisation. They have a strong sense of justice, feeling that hard work and sacrifice should be rewarded. The picture of McClelland’s power-motivated manager is reminiscent of the organisation mancaricatured by William Whyte.The message seems to be that if one is dedicated to the institution, committed to the work ethic and unflagging in energy and devotion, success will follow. However, the increasing popularity of switching jobs as a method of rapid advancement and the rapidity of change in organisations somewhat contradicts this type of thinking. Expectancy Theory of motivation – Victor Vroom Victor Vroom, of Carnegie-Mellon in Pittsburgh, has challenged the assertion of the human relationists that job satisfaction leads to increased productivity.(This theory has been called the contented cow approach to management.) The assumption is that if management keeps employees happy, t hey will respond by increasing productivity. Herzberg, in a delightful film of motivation, highlights the fallacy of this assumption with an interview between a manager and a secretary. The secretary is complaining about the job, and the manager lists all the things that have been done for the secretary – increases salary, new typewriter, better hours, status and so on – at the end of which she looks straight at him and asks, So what have to done for me lately?The point may be made that satisfied needs do not motivate people Hygienes simply keep employees quiet for a time. For an individual to be motivated to perform a certain task, he or she must expect that completion of the task will lead to achievement of his or her goals. The task is not necessarily the goal itself but is often the means of goal attainment. Vroom defines motivation as: â€Å"A process governing choices, made by persons or lower organisms, among alternative forms of voluntary behaviour.†In o rganisational terms, this concept of motivation pictures an individual, occupying a role, faced with a set of alternative voluntary behaviours, all of which have some associated outcomes attached to them. If the individual chooses behaviour 1, outcome A results; if 2 then B results and so on. Knowing that individuals choose behaviours in order to obtain certain outcomes is nothing new. The question is why they choose one outcome over another.The answer provided by the motivational theories in the other articles in this short series (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland) is that the choice reflects the strength of the individual’s desire or need for a specific outcome at a certain time. However, Vroom makes the point that task goals (productivity, quality standards or similar goals attached to jobs) are often means to an end, rather than the end in itself. There is a second level of outcomes which reflect the real goals of individuals and these may be attained, in varying degrees, thr ough task behaviour.An individual is motivated to behave in a certain manner because (a) he or she has a strong desire for a certain task outcome and a reasonable expectation of achieving that outcome and (b) because he or she also expects that the achievement of the task outcome will result in reward in terms of pay, promotion, job security, or satisfaction of individual needs – physiological, safety, esteem and so on. Let us take a look at how the model works. Imagine a manager has as a task goal, receive good ratings for internal customer service.The choice of this task goal reflects three things: The strength of the need for good ratings versus some other goal. The expectation that this goal can be achieved. The expectation that the achievement of this task goal will lead to desired rewards – promotion, increased security and so on. Vroom would maintain that we do things in our jobs in order to achieve second level rewards: â€Å"If a worker sees high productivity as a path leading to the attainment of one or more of his or her personal goals, he or she will tend to be a high producer.Conversely, if he or she sees low productivity as path to the achievement of his or her goals, he or she will tend to be a low producer†. Certainly Vroom has hit on an important aspect of motivation. We do not attempt simply to satisfy a need or even a set of needs in a straightforward, â€Å"If I do this, then I will achieve that† manner. We work with a chain of goals and rewards, where goals in one area are only a means of achieving goals in another.