The Chinese dragon and its influence on Christianity in China Essay

The Chinese dragon and its influence on Christianity in China - Essay Example Generally, dragons have held positive connotations in culture of the Chinese since the time of the Song dynasty, in AD 960-1279. The Chinese made prayers to the dragon for rain. In Chinese culture, the dragon has been used as a symbol of imperial power; in fact, the emperor wore a dragon robe, reigned from a dragon throne and was thought to be a dragon incarnation (Yang 28-29). After several centuries, the dragon was chosen by the then Chinese Emperor Qing, to represent the Chinese nation. The dragon is apparently, today the most favourable of zodiac animals in china; the dragons perform dances often clad in red, during the Chinese New Year. Since the time that Christianity made its way into China, most Christian believers have held the view that the Biblical and the Chinese dragons are very distinct creatures and have ultimately accepted them; however, there are other shunned Chinese dragons, arguing that they are demonic, just as the biblical one. This paper shows that the dragon-Chinese dragon has become an important but yet controversial symbol in China, greatly influencing the interpretations of Christianity by Chinese people. A closer look at the dragon throughout the history of Chinese Christianity shows greater influence and a process of both enculturation and indigenization with regards to how the dragon is conceived in both traditional Chinese and Christian Chinese (Yang and An 48). The difference and or equivalence between the biblical dragon and the Chinese dragon drawn in the mid-19th century by Chinese individuals as well as by religious figure from the west that brought Christianity. The leader of the Taiping Rebellion between 1814 and 1864, Hong Xiuquan, considered himself as having being commissioned by God to slay the serpent of Revelation; the red big dragon; he also referred to the Manchu rulers as demons/serpents. This consideration of the Chinese dragon as equivalent to the biblical/Revelation’s dragon is evident in his condemnation of the popular rain dragon from the Eastern Sea, considered by the Chinese to traditionally bring rain (Michael 39).The second in command to Hong Xiuquan, Hong Ren’gan is also seen to understand the existence of the controversy concerning the dragon. He decreed that, â€Å"†¦all public notices and memorials had political significance and that the use of demon-like expression such as the dragon must not be used (Giddens and Giddens 78). Many scholars have argued that the negative connotations on the Chinese dragon during the reign of Hong Ren’gan were a clear indication of the influence that the advent of Christianity had on the Chinese culture. In fact, it-the dragon is not used anywhere in Liang Fa’s book, Good Words Admonish Age (Yang 101). In fact Hong argued that his attitude and vies of the dragon was largely influenced by Christianity. This condemnation however was not a universal one, but was more pragmatic and selective. Accordingly, he argued that the Taiping’s used precious dragon to adorn their utensils their imperial seal and vestments; this was apparently acceptable when compared to visions of heavenly golden dragons. In so doing, Hong certainly retained the imperial dragon that could his imperial authority; he discarded to dragon deity, which served as a source of devotion for the Chinese. The Taiping’s thus went ahead and propagated Hong ’s vie of dragons being devils; this resulted in subsequent transfer of individual religious affiliations between the Taipings and Christians, which offered the opportunity of diffusion of the beliefs. It is clearly, however, that Hong’

Rizal in Japan Essay Example for Free

Rizal in Japan Essay JAPAN Among the happiest moments of Rizal in his life was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. He stayed in Japan for one month and a half from February 28 to April 13, 1888. He was charmed by the natural beauty of Japan, the manners of the Japanese people and the picturesque of shrines. He also fell in love with a Japanese girl, who loveliness infused joy and romance in his sorrowing heart. Morning of Tuesday, February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived at Yokohama and stayed in the Grand Hotel. The following day, he moved to Tokyo and took a room at the Tokyo Hotel where he stayed from March 2 to 7. He was impressed by the city of Tokyo. After his arrival in Tokyo, Rizal was visited by Juan Perez caballero, secretary of Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal knew that this was the Spanish government’s way of monitoring Rizal but he accepted anyways. On March 7, he moved out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation. He and Perez Caballero became good friends and described him as a young, fine and an excellent writer. During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal could talk the Japanese language. He had a hard time for shopping for he could not be understood and children laughed at him. With his situation, Rizal decided to study the Japanese language. He was able to speak within a few days. At Japan he studied the Japanese drama, arts, music, and judo. He also visited museums, libraries, art galleries, and shrines. He visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita, and the charming villages of Japan. During one time, Rizal went to the park and heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss. He was impressed by the great performances of the Western music. He thought to himself how admirable their renditions are and ondered how they have assimilated the modern European music to the extent of playing the beautiful masterpieces of the European composers so well. The band stopped playing and to his surprised they were speaking

Essay --

Judaism is a religion mainly all jews believe in. Judaism comes from a latin based word; Iudaismus. Judaism is a monotheistic religion, monotheistic means a belief in only one god or praiser. Judaism is thought as the relation god established with the children of israel. The jewish holy bible is called a torah, the torah can also be referred to as tanakh or hebrew bible. there are different time periods of the jewish people sadducees and hellenistic judaism during the second temple period,the karaites and sabbateans during the medieval period, and now a days orthodox and reformed jews. Judaism roots start in the middle east during the bronze age. Of all the major world religions, Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism is a very sacred religion to the jews and is a way of life for many jews. Jews are ethnoreligious group, In 2012, the world population of jew was estimated at about 14 million, or 0.2% of the world population. About 42% of all Jews l ive in israel and about 42% live in the U.S.A and Canada, with most of the remaining jews in Europe,South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. jews are considered jews. Jews are considered jewish if they're born with a jewish mother. American reformed judaism and British Liberal judaism accept the child of any jewish blood from either mom or dad. jews can switch to another religion but in some forms of judaism is no longer considered jews.Jews pray 3 times daily and a 4th time on special occasions, the three prayers are Shacharit,Mincha, and Ma’ariv. these are recite in the morning,before drinking and eating, and after drinking or eating. Jews were a kippah, a rounded skull cap,worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studyi... ... Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on Jewish ethics.mashgiach - Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi. The three major beliefs in judiasm is 1. All humans were created in the image of God 2. Live by the teachings of the Torah and keep the commandments. 3. Judaism teaches that one day a Messiah, or person of God, will unite the world bringing peace to all of humanity. I talked a lot about connecting think these are the most important because judaism teaches that one will be connected with god and the world shall come to peace and these three would be my top choice

Motivation Theory

Needs – drives – behaviour – goals – reduction or release of tension Behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. The word unsatisfied is most important. As Maslow says, â€Å"If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator. † Kelly’s model of motivation presents a sort of chicken-egg dilemma. Which comes first, the goal or the need? When we talk about behaviour being goal-oriented, we mean that individuals feel a need, want, desire or drive to do something that leads to the achievement of a goal.But is the goal, as part of the self, already there? Is it the factor that stimulates the need? Are goals and needs the same thing? It is useful to separate the two concepts. We can define a goal as that outcome which we strive to attain in order to satisfy certain needs. The goal is the end result, the need the driving force that spurs us towards that result. A student might have a goal to get an A in a course, but this goal may reflect a number of different needs.He or she may feel a need to confirm his or her competence; friends may all be getting A’s; he or she may wish to have the esteem of others; simply to do the best possible: to keep a scholarship. It is difficult to infer needs from goals. We talk about money as a motivator. Money represents so many different things to different people that saying that individuals â€Å"work for money† is meaningless. What we have to know is what needs the money is satisfying. Is it survival, status, belonging, achievement, a convenient scorecard for performance?Remember, behaviour is both directed to, and results from, unsatisfied needs. Every individual has a number of needs which vie for satisfaction. How do we choose between these competing forces? Do we try to satisfy them all? Much like a small child in a candy store, faced with the dilemma of spending his or her allowance, we are forced to decide what we want the most; that is we satisfy the strongest need first. Although there is general agreement among psychologists that man experiences a variety of needs, there is considerable disagreement as to what these needs are – and their relative importance.There have been a number of attempts to present models of motivation which list a specific number of motivating needs, with the implication that these lists are all-inclusive and represent the total picture of needs. Unfortunately, each of these models has weaknesses and gaps, and we are still without a general theory of motivation. In this article, I will describe the four main theories of motivation. These are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory, The Need for Achievement and David McClelland’s work and Vroom’s Expectancy Motivation Theory. Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham MaslowOne model of motivation that has gained a l ot of attention, but not complete acceptance, has been put forward by Abraham Maslow. Maslow’s theory argues that individuals are motivated to satisfy a number of different kinds of needs, some of which are more powerful than others (or to use the psychological jargon, are more prepotent than others). The term prepotency refers to the idea that some needs are felt as being more pressing than others. Maslow argues that until these most pressing needs are satisfied, other needs have little effect on an individual’s behaviour.In other words, we satisfy the most prepotent needs first and then progress to the less pressing ones. As one need becomes satisfied, and therefore less important to us, other needs loom up and become motivators of our behaviour. Maslow represents this prepotency of needs as a hierarchy. The most prepotent needs are shown at the bottom of the ladder, with prepotency decreasing as one progresses upwards. SELF-ACTUALISATION – reaching your maxim um potential, doing you own best thing ESTEEM – respect from others, self-respect, recognitionBELONGING – affiliation, acceptance, being part of something SAFETY – physical safety, psychological security PHYSIOLOGICAL – hunger, thirst, sex, rest The first needs that anyone must satisfy are physiological. As Maslow says: â€Å"Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most prepotent of all needs. What this means specifically is that in the human being who is missing everything in life in an extreme fashion, it is most likely that the major motivation would be the physiological needs rather than any others.A person who is lacking food, safety, love and esteem would probably hunger for food more strongly than anything else†. Once the first level needs are largely satisfied, Maslow maintains, the next level of needs emerges. Individuals become concerned with the need for safety and security – protection from physical harm, disaster, illness and security of income, life-style and relationships. Similarly, once these safety needs have become largely satisfied, individuals become concerned with belonging – a sense of membership in some group or groups, a need for affiliation and a feeling of acceptance by others.When there is a feeling that the individual belongs somewhere, he or she is next motivated by a desire to be held in esteem. People need to be thought of as worthwhile by others, to be recognised as people with some value. They also have a strong need to see themselves as worthwhile people. Without this type of self-concept, one sees oneself as drifting, cut off, pointless. Much of this dissatisfaction with certain types of job centres around the fact that they are perceived, by the people performing them, as demeaning and therefore damaging to their self-concept.Finally, Maslow says, when all these needs have been satisfied at least to some extent, people are motivated by a desire to self-actualise, to ach ieve whatever they define as their maximum potential, to do their thing to the best of their ability. Maslow describes self-actualisation as follows: â€Å"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can do, he must do. This need we may call self-actualisation †¦ It refers to the desire for self-fulfilment, namely the tendency for one to become actualised in what one is potentially.This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The specific form these needs take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may be expressed maternally, as the desire to be an ideal mother, in another athletically, in still another aesthetically, the painting of pictures, and in another inventively in the creation of new contrivances. It is not necessarily a creative urge although in people who have any capabilitie s for creation it will take this form.†Several points must be made concerning Maslow’s model of motivation. First, it should be made clear that he does not mean that individuals experience only one type of need at a time. In fact, we probably experience all levels of needs all the time, only to varying degrees. In many parts of the world, hunger is a genuine reality but we have all experienced the phenomenon of not being able to concentrate upon a job because of a growling stomach. Productivity drops prior to lunch as people transfer their thoughts from their jobs to the upcoming meal.After lunch, food it not uppermost in people’s minds but perhaps rest is, as a sense of drowsiness sets in. Similarly, in almost all organisational settings, individuals juggle their needs for security (â€Å"Can I keep this job? †) with needs for esteem (â€Å"If I do what is demanded by the job, how will my peers see me, and how will I see myself? †) Given a situatio n where management is demanding a certain level of performance, but where group norms are to produce below these levels, all these issues are experienced. If the individual does not produce to the level demanded by management, he or she may lose the job (security).But if he or she conforms to management’s norms rather than those of the group, it may ostracise him or her (belonging) while the individual may see him or herself as a turncoat (esteem) and may have a feeling of having let the side down (self-esteem. ) We do not progress simply from one level in the hierarchy to another in a straightforward, orderly manner; there is a constant, but ever-changing pull from all levels and types of needs. A second point that must be made about Maslow’s hierarchy is that the order in which he has set up the needs does not necessarily reflect their prepotence for every individual.Some people may have such a high need for esteem that they are able to subordinate their needs for sa fety, or their physiological or belonging needs to these. The war hero springs to mind. There is little concern for safety or physical comfort as the seeker of glory rushes forward into the muzzle of destruction. A third, and very important point to be made about Maslow’s hierarchical model is the assertion that once a need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator – until it re-emerges. Food is a poor motivator after a meal. The point in this is clear for management.Unfortunately, many organisations and individuals still fail to get the message. Most incentive schemes are based upon needs that have already been largely satisfied. If management placed emphasis on needs that have not been satisfied, employees would be more likely to be motivated towards achieving the goals of the organisation. Human behaviour is primarily directed towards unsatisfied needs. Finally, an important aspect of Maslow’s model is that it provides for constant growth of the individual. Th ere is no point at which everything has been achieved.Having satisfied the lower needs, one is always striving to do things to the best of one’s ability, and best is always defined as being slightly better than before. There has been a great deal of debate over Maslow’s hierarchical concept of motivation. It has a basic attraction to most people because it seems to be logical, to make sense. Dual-Factor Theory – Frederick Herzberg Frederick Herzberg and his associates began their research into motivation during the 1950?s, examining the models and assumptions of Maslow and others.The result of this work was the formulation of what Herzberg termed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory (M-H). The basic hypotheses of this theory are that: 1. There are two types of motivators, one type which results in satisfaction with the job, and the other which merely prevents dissatisfaction. The two types are quite separate and distinct from one another. Herzberg called the factors wh ich result in job satisfaction motivators and those that simply prevented dissatisfaction hygienes 2. The factors that lead to job satisfaction (the motivators) are:achievement recognition work itself responsibility advancement 3. The factors which may prevent dissatisfaction (the hygienes) are: company policy and administration working conditions supervision interpersonal relations money status securityHygienes, if applied effectively, can at best prevent dissatisfaction: if applied poorly, they can result in negative feelings about the job. Motivators are those things that allow for psychological growth and development on the job. They are closely related to the concept of self-actualisation, involving a challenge, an opportunity to extend oneself to the fullest, to taste the pleasure of accomplishment, and to be recognised as having done something worthwhile. Hygienes are simply factors that describe the conditions of work rather than the work itself.Herberg’s point is tha t if you want to motivate people, you have to be concerned with the job itselfand not simply with the surroundings. In a medical sense, growth, healing and development occur as natural internal processes. They are the result of proper diet, exercise, sleep etc. Hygienic procedures simply prevent disease from occurring. They do not promote growth per se. Herzberg says that we should focus our attention on the individuals in jobs, not on the things that we surround them with.He maintains that we tend to think that growth and development will occur if we provide good working conditions, status, security and administration, whereas in fact what stimulates growth (and motivation to grow and develop) are opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Once again, this theory has a basic attraction. As Joe Kelly puts it, however: â€Å"It is always as well to bear in mind that academics, who place considerable value on autonomy and inner direction, have an obse ssion about making work meaningful.The notion that it is possible to realise man’s true nature through creative work which is its own reward is an exceedingly attractive proposition to the learned don which is rarely fully shared by his wife†. Herzberg goes further than Maslow, cutting the hierarchy off near the top and maintaining that motivation results only from some elements of esteem needs and self-actualisation. The Need for Achievement – David McClelland The one single motivating factor which has received the most attention in terms of research, is the need for achievement (n-ach). As a result, we know more about n-ach than any other motivational factor.Much of this knowledge is due the work of David McClelland of Harvard. To illustrate what he means by the need for achievement, McClelland cites the following example: â€Å"Several years ago, a careful study was made of 450 workers who had been thrown out of work by a plant shutdown in Erie, Pennsylvania. Most of the unemployed workers stayed at home for a while and then checked with the employment service to see if their old jobs or similar ones were available. But a small minority among them behaved differently; the day they were laid off, they started job hunting.They checked both national and local employment offices; they studied the Help Wanted sections of the papers; they checked through their union, their church and various fraternal organisations; they looked into training courses to learn a new skill; they even left town to look for work, while the majority when questioned said they would not under any circumstances move away to obtain a job. Obviously the members of the active minority were differently motivated†. Individuals with a high n-ach have a number of distinctive characteristics which separate them from their peers.First of all, they like situations where they can take personal responsibility for finding solutions to problems. This allows them to gain perso nal satisfaction from their achievements. They do not like situations where success or failure results from chance. The important thing is that the outcome be the result of their own skill and effort. A second characteristic of high n-ach people is that they like to set moderately high goals for themselves. These goals are neither so low that they can be achieved with little challenge, nor so high that they are impossible.High n-ach individuals prefer goals that require all-out effort and the exercise of all their abilities. Once again, the achievement of this type of objective results in greater personal satisfaction. This phenomenon can be observed in very young children. A child may be given a game of ring toss, told that he or she scores whenever a ring lands over the peg and then left alone to play the game. McClelland comments: â€Å"Obviously children who stand next to the peg can score a ringer every time; but if they stand a long distance away, they will hardly ever get a ringer.The curious fact is that children with a high concern for achievement quite consistently stand at moderate distances from the peg where they are apt to get achievement satisfaction †¦ The ones with low n-Achievement, on the other hand, distribute their choices of where to stand quite randomly over the entire distance. In other words, people with high n-Achievement prefer a situation where there is a challenge, where there is some real risk of not succeeding, but not so great a risk that they might not overcome it by their own efforts†.A third distinctive characteristic of high achievers is that they want concrete feedback on their performance. Only certain types of jobs provide this kind of feedback, however, and so some kinds of jobs are unattractive to high achievers. For instance, teachers receive only imprecise, hazy feedback as to the effectiveness of their efforts while production managers have a daily output chart to look at with either joy or disappointment . There are some additional minor characteristics possessed by high achievers. They tend to enjoy travel, are willing to give up a bird inthe hand for two in the bush and prefer experts to friends as working partners. The image is clear; the high achiever is a personality type suited admirably to certain jobs and not others. It would be wrong to treat all individuals as high achievers and attempt to motivate them by offering them challenging jobs, rapid and objective feedback on performance and personal responsibility for success or failure. The need for affiliation and the need for power McClelland has also identified two other types of need, the need for affiliation (n-affil) and the need for power (n-pow).His testing procedure is concerned with the application of what is known as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a series of pictures which are presented to a subject, one at a time. The individual is asked to tell a story about each picture. The underlying assumption of the TA T procedure is that it will reveal the dominant thoughts and attitudes of subjects. For instance, an individual with high n-ach will formulate stories concerned with getting things done, challenging situations, feelings of satisfaction at having done a good job and so on.The individual with a high need for affiliation (n-affil) will reflect sensitivity to the feelings of others, a desire for friendly relationships and a reference to situations which involve human interactions. High n-power subjects will relate stories reflecting the process of influencing others, controlling and manipulating others. The need for affiliation The need for affiliation is similar to Maslow’s need to belong. It can be a dominant motivating force affecting behaviour and may manifest itself in many different ways.The novelist John O’Hara was supposedly obsessed with the fact that, not having a college degree, he was excluded from membership of certain clubs and societies. At the other end of the spectrum, James Coyne, a former Governor of the Bank of Canada, was described as the most unclubbable man in the country, as he held an aversion to joining groups. In its most straightforward form, a need for affiliation manifests itself in a desire to be liked by others, to be part of a group, to enter into warm, personal relationships.High n-affil people value relationships over accomplishments, and friendship over power. The need for power In studying the motivational profiles of North American managers, McClelland noticed that many of those who reach the top of organisations and are rated as highly effective in their positions, demonstrate a concern for influencing people. This is, in McClelland’s terms, a need for power. This need is not simply seen as the raw desire to control others or simply to exert authority.McClelland makes the point that: â€Å"†¦ this need must be disciplined and controlled so that it is directed toward the benefit of the institution as a whole and not toward the manager’s personal aggrandisement. Moreover, the top manager’s need for power ought to be greater than his or her need for being liked by people. † Power motivation refers not to autocratic, tyrannical behaviour but to a need to have some impact, to be influential and effective in achieving organisational goals. Results McClelland examined the motivational needs of a large group of managers whose units demonstrated varying degrees of morale.The most important factor, in predicting whether a manager’s subordinates would exhibit high morale, turned out to be how their need for power related to their need for affiliation. Teams which exhibited higher morale were those in which the manager’s need or power exceeded their desire to be liked. McClelland puts forward the following explanation: â€Å"Sociologists have long argued that, for a bureaucracy to function effectively, those who manage it must be universalistic in applyi ng rules. That is, if they make exceptions for the particular needs of individuals, the whole system will break down.The manager with a high need to be liked is precisely the one who wants to stay on good terms with everybody and therefore is the one most likely to make exceptions in terms of in terms of particular needs. †¦Sociological theory and our data both argue †¦ that the person whose need for affiliation is high does not make a good manager. † Organisation man? Power-motivated managers, like achievement orientated managers and the affiliators, demonstrate distinct characteristics: They are highly organisation-minded. They feel responsible for building organisations to which they belong.They believe strongly in centralised authority. They like to work. This is different from the high achiever who likes to minimise work by becoming more efficient. While the high achiever minimises effort and maximises output, the power-motivated manager enjoys work for its own sake. They are willing to sacrifice some of their own self-interest for the good of the organisation. They have a strong sense of justice, feeling that hard work and sacrifice should be rewarded. The picture of McClelland’s power-motivated manager is reminiscent of the organisation mancaricatured by William Whyte.The message seems to be that if one is dedicated to the institution, committed to the work ethic and unflagging in energy and devotion, success will follow. However, the increasing popularity of switching jobs as a method of rapid advancement and the rapidity of change in organisations somewhat contradicts this type of thinking. Expectancy Theory of motivation – Victor Vroom Victor Vroom, of Carnegie-Mellon in Pittsburgh, has challenged the assertion of the human relationists that job satisfaction leads to increased productivity.(This theory has been called the contented cow approach to management.) The assumption is that if management keeps employees happy, t hey will respond by increasing productivity. Herzberg, in a delightful film of motivation, highlights the fallacy of this assumption with an interview between a manager and a secretary. The secretary is complaining about the job, and the manager lists all the things that have been done for the secretary – increases salary, new typewriter, better hours, status and so on – at the end of which she looks straight at him and asks, So what have to done for me lately?The point may be made that satisfied needs do not motivate people Hygienes simply keep employees quiet for a time. For an individual to be motivated to perform a certain task, he or she must expect that completion of the task will lead to achievement of his or her goals. The task is not necessarily the goal itself but is often the means of goal attainment. Vroom defines motivation as: â€Å"A process governing choices, made by persons or lower organisms, among alternative forms of voluntary behaviour.†In o rganisational terms, this concept of motivation pictures an individual, occupying a role, faced with a set of alternative voluntary behaviours, all of which have some associated outcomes attached to them. If the individual chooses behaviour 1, outcome A results; if 2 then B results and so on. Knowing that individuals choose behaviours in order to obtain certain outcomes is nothing new. The question is why they choose one outcome over another.The answer provided by the motivational theories in the other articles in this short series (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland) is that the choice reflects the strength of the individual’s desire or need for a specific outcome at a certain time. However, Vroom makes the point that task goals (productivity, quality standards or similar goals attached to jobs) are often means to an end, rather than the end in itself. There is a second level of outcomes which reflect the real goals of individuals and these may be attained, in varying degrees, thr ough task behaviour.An individual is motivated to behave in a certain manner because (a) he or she has a strong desire for a certain task outcome and a reasonable expectation of achieving that outcome and (b) because he or she also expects that the achievement of the task outcome will result in reward in terms of pay, promotion, job security, or satisfaction of individual needs – physiological, safety, esteem and so on. Let us take a look at how the model works. Imagine a manager has as a task goal, receive good ratings for internal customer service.The choice of this task goal reflects three things: The strength of the need for good ratings versus some other goal. The expectation that this goal can be achieved. The expectation that the achievement of this task goal will lead to desired rewards – promotion, increased security and so on. Vroom would maintain that we do things in our jobs in order to achieve second level rewards: â€Å"If a worker sees high productivity as a path leading to the attainment of one or more of his or her personal goals, he or she will tend to be a high producer.Conversely, if he or she sees low productivity as path to the achievement of his or her goals, he or she will tend to be a low producer†. Certainly Vroom has hit on an important aspect of motivation. We do not attempt simply to satisfy a need or even a set of needs in a straightforward, â€Å"If I do this, then I will achieve that† manner. We work with a chain of goals and rewards, where goals in one area are only a means of achieving goals in another.

Digital Marketing in India

* MARKETING ASSIGNMENT * â€Å"DIGITAL MARKETING INDIAN SCENARIO† SUBMITTED BY:- MAHENDRA KUMAR SEC. :- C ENROLL:- 12BSP0623 DIGITAL MARKETING Digital marketing is an addressable marketing method where relevant marketing communications are delivered to individuals through the e-mail, Web, and mobile channels using an e-mail address, a Web browser cookie, and a mobile phone number. Live scenario of digital marketing in India Digital marketing is still at its initial phase in India. Most of the companies are still thinking to adopt the medium while many top brands have already rolled their digital marketing campaign.Seeing the large number of youth population in India  (More than 40% of total population of India, around 460 millions youth is there, in which 333 millions are literate)  and the rising technology savvy young generation, corporate will be more than happy to engage the target audience and spread their products & services among them via digital media. Thus there w ill be a Big Change in coming future. Indian digital marketing scenario has changed tremendously after the it boom, India with 60,000,000 internet users provides a very good platform for online marketing.Also with a growth rate of over 1000% the potential looks good too. The penetration is a mere 5. 2% – but which is actually good. The cream of the society – the people most likely to have pockets deep enough to trade or make purchases online are among the 5. 2% of the population. This makes targeting these high-end profiles easier & your leads are more likely to be converted. However, one area of concern is the support operations that help convert the leads into sales. These are mainly call centres & back offices that are responsible for following up on the leads that are provided to them.But the staffs at these organizations in India is many a times not that well trained for digital marketing & usually the high potential leads are lost due to inability of the staff to convince the lead. The lead is mostly very expensive. They get one lead after incurring a huge cost through a lot of clicks. Hence, more than educating internet users it would be vital to train the support teams so as to consolidate the current amount of leads that you are getting. Otherwise, we many end up in a situation where we have high demand, high potential but inadequately trained staff to service the lead While in many countries Digital Media course has emerged as one of the mainstream degree but here in India it is still under the control of digital media agencies who took the initiative to teach people on Digital Marketing with live projects. †¢ Many of the premier business schools are in a positing (of course seeing the demand) to run the digital marketing program. But most of them are running short of the quality faculties. Further insights have revealed that an average Indian spends 45 minutes on Facebook   in a day.The huge number of smart phone users with apps adds up further to the consumer base for brands to interact and take opportunities. The recent hit of the â€Å"Kolaveri Di† song, reaching more than 50 million users globally is a measure of the impact and spread of internet. Conclusion The digital media playing field in quite huge providing accommodation to a list of brands, but yet to be utilized to its fullest potential. This year the marketers need to take the online test for their brands and get rewarded with the vast target market to be acquired.Digital marketing –Reality Byte Obviously, social media is important/highly efficient and holds the potential for building better relationships with communities of consumers/customers. Traditional marketing (i. e. advertising/promotion/PR) historically placed a premium on awareness building and transactions, but has declined in importance due to a combination of message clutter, time pressed consumers, fragmentation of media and the growth of people using the internet t o research what others are saying about products/companies.Nevertheless, what really concerns me is how â€Å"tactical† social media has become in recent years and less â€Å"strategic†. It appears almost everyone on the social media provider side keeps looking for the latest tool/technique * Most companies do recognize the need to adopt new ways to reach consumers and build better relationships (i. e. websites, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, mobile marketing, etc. ). Very efficient, free/cheap, and can easily measure traffic/activity Even the mighty Proctor & Gamble is redeploying marketing spend away from traditional media to digital since it’s more efficient and less costly. They announced recently they will lay off 1,600 people and are banking on digital ROI for long term savings. However, I bet P&G is also developing the internal infrastructure to capture the data and share it with relevant internal business groups to help change their business models. *  Th e companies like HUL, P&G, NOKIA etc are usually spend >20% of their budgets on social media and in digital marketing Example for digital marketing:-PepsiCo adopts innovative ways for digital marketing in India GURGAON: food and beverage major PepsiCo is adopting innovative methods in India to tap the potential of  social media  for building  brand equity  and increase sales PepsiCo is not look at digital medium strictly from the lens of advertising spends, but approach it in an innovative manner. † Citing the example of how the firm used Facebook during the cricket World Cup last year, â€Å"Pepsi's Facebook campaign was the most recognised brands during the event. they also got an award from FB on that.So we are using social media in a big way here for building brand equity. † It is extremely important for brands to have a direct relationship with their consumers and not simply outsource it to an agency alone, PepsiCo â€Å"Digital media should be used for re al time marketing and we use this medium both for brand building and generating sales, PepsiCo uses multiple agencies to handle digital media account for different brands and products in India. Conclusion :- Finally, using social media/digital marketing tactics exclusively is probably not a good idea.A good business strategy will probably require a blend of BOTH traditional marketing and social media/digital marketing. We must remember digital marketing is a â€Å"slow burn† approach and in some cases won’t help building critical mass quickly. In some cases traditional advertising or promotions will help jump start a strategy while social/digital marketing will help build the brand in the long run. Using both to some degree is the best way to â€Å"EFFECTIVELY† grow your business, but again it needs to be driven by strategy and not the latest tool/technique.

Effects of Smoking essays

Effects of Smoking essays Cigarettes are perhaps the only legal product whose effects of intended use cause illness and even death in its users. Cigarette smoking kills more than 440,000 Americans a year making it more lethal than AIDS, automobile accidents, homicides, suicides, drug overdoses, and fires combined. Pregnant women that smoke, risk the health and lives of their unborn babies. They may pass genetic mutations that can increase great danger to their baby. It not only directly affects the health of cigarette smokers but non-smokers as well. All health risks aside, cigarette smoking also greatly impacts our economy costing more than 150 billion dollars each year in health related cost. In the United States, tobacco cause one in five deaths. The smoke contains tar which is made up of over 4,000 chemicals including 60 known to cause cancer. Smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths in the U.S. Cigarettes cause almost 90% of all lung cancer and can initiate cancers of the larynx (voice box), oral cavity, pharynx (throat) and esophagus. It can also lead to the development of colon and rectum cancer. Smoking has been linked to tripling the chance of skin cancer. People who smoke also have higher rates of leukemia and cancers of the kidney, stomach, pancreas and bladder. In female smokers, around 30% of cervical cancers have been attributed to smoking. Cervical cancer is just one effect of smoking for women. Cigarettes can also affect pregnant women and their unborn babies. When a pregnant women smokes, she is smoking for two. The nicotine, carbon monoxide and other harmful chemicals enter her bloodstream, pass directly into the babys body and prevent the baby from getting essential nutrients and oxygen for growth. Smoking in pregnant women has been linked to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Stillbirth, pre-maturity, low birth weight, and asthma can also be a factor on the unborn fetus. Mothers who smoke can have an impact on th ...

Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Example

Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Example Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Lists of different topographic points with different monetary values whether it is inexpensive or expensive or either it has a hotel or auto bundle for the clients flights. It helps the clients to take what they truly like or what they can afford. British Airways did this because they knew that people have different gustatory sensation, different demands and position in life. *British Airways achieved their clients outlooks and demands by functioning the chief outlooks and demands of their clients. E.g. they gave you an chance to book a flight ; take from their list of different topographic points with different monetary values ; you can alter your engagement and etc. They EXCEED their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: BA on your nomadic -The British Airways app gives you all the information you need about your following flight in the thenar of your hand- you can look into in for flights ; download and usage nomadic embarkation base on ballss ; see the latest reaching and going information ; see upgrade offers for future flights ; track any British Air passages flight and Book a new flight by merely utilizing your phone. Mobile get oning base on balls All British Airways clients can now download a embarkation base on balls on their phone, within 24 hours of flight going. There is no demand to publish it as all the inside informations are in the nomadic embarkation base on balls. The barcode is scanned as you move through the airdrome. With their nomadic embarkation base on balls, you will be able to hive away your get oning base on balls in your clear security ; entree British Airways sofas and board the aircraft *British Airways exceed the clients outlooks and demands by giving their clients an easy manner to entree some informations about British Air passages like they can book a new flight by merely utilizing their phone plus they can now download a embarkation base on balls on their phone which is convenient for their clients. That was besides alone for the clients because non all of the air hoses have that sort of client service. Information at the airdrome -London Heathrow, London Gatwick, London City and other airdromes Making a smooth pickup They know how busy any airdrome can be so they give a few pieces of information that could assist ease the experience for their clients. Information that include: Where you can happen their sofas Whether you want to catch up on work before you travel, enjoy a bite or merely unwind, you ll happen an country in one of their sofas to loosen up off from the busy airdrome environment with Wireless broadband provided by Spectrum Interactive is free in all British Airways UK lounges. Safety and security Checking-In They ve made checking in fast and easy so you can pass more clip making what you want to make. -Mobile check-in . You can look into in whilst traveling to the airdrome, or take seats for tomorrow s flight place without go forthing the beach by merely utilizing your phone. *They exceed client service by stating to their clients where can they see the sofas which is convenient for their client because it can besides let them to surf cyberspace and eat while waiting for their flight. It is utile particularly for the concern men/women and to the people hotfooting merely to travel to the airdrome so they can make their work by non merely blowing clip waiting for their flight and they can eat particularly for the people who rushed to travel to the airdrome that do nt hold clip to eat. For their airdromes and other airdromes Terminals Check-in installations at the airdrome Bag bead desks Terminal map Flight connexions Transport links *They exceed their client service by giving informations like where are their terminuss cheques in installations, bag bead desks and terminal map which is truly helpful for their clients because sometimes clients got lost at the airdrome because they do nt cognize where they would travel. In add-on, normally alternatively of merely waiting for their flights clients were still looking for their finishs at the airdrome to look into in so it was an transcending client service and need particularly when they besides gave informations on some airdromes where clients over halt. On Board Children s activities on board They understand that maintaining your kids happy will play a big portion in doing your flight as relaxing and gratifying as possible. They have a figure of activities designed to maintain them entertained whilst winging with them. *They exceed their client service by assisting the parents of the kids to do their kids happy that truly helps the parents to merely loosen up and bask their flights without holding some concerns that their kids might acquire bored and irritated because normally kids cried and got irritated during the flight that can do an unpleasant experience for the parents. It was besides an unusual client service. In-flight repasts All of their repasts are carefully created by taking chefs, and wherever they can they integrate seasonal green goods in their dishes to guarantee they use the freshest ingredients with the fullest spirit. Particular and medical repasts If you have particular dietetic demands, you can allow them cognize in progress and they will supply you with a suited repast. You can bespeak a particular or medical repast through Manage My Booking. Traveling with nutrient allergic reactions They re passionate about their nutrient and work hard to guarantee the repasts you enjoy with them are prepared to the highest criterion and with the finest ingredients. That includes supplying a broad scope of particular repast options to provide for many nutrient sensitivenesss and clear labelling of all their repasts. *They exceed their client service by automatically giving the client a special/dietary nutrient that entree nutrients that they require. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client requesting or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire or they can besides inquire you what are your dietetic nutrients or nutrients that are non allowed for you. Travel Preparation Disability aid To assist us supply you with the necessary service for your demands delight allow us cognize how we can assist you -Mobility aid at the airdrome and in-flight -Mobility aid provided at the airdrome Visually impaired riders If you are visually impaired, they can offer: An bodyguard to and from the aircraft. Individual safety briefings and aid during the flight. Hearing impaired riders If you are hearing impaired, they can offer: An bodyguard to and from the aircraft. Separate briefings about safety processs. Subtitles on the English version of the in-flight safety picture. Initiation cringle installations are available at most airdromes and on board through their in-flight earphones. Earphones compatible with standard hearing AIDSs switched to the T place. Transporting your pet When you want to transport your pet, you can rest assured that they will take the really best attention of them. Pets must be booked to go with British Airways World Cargo, and they will be carried in the aircraft clasp. -Travelling with a Guide/Assistance Dog They will do particular agreements for your Guide/Assistance Dog, to guarantee they are able to go with you in the aircraft cabin. Certified Assistance Dogs for blind, deaf or handicapped riders travel free of charge in the aircraft cabin on most flights from the UK ; and provided Canis familiariss are compliant with the Pet Travel Scheme, on all British Airways paths approved by DEFRA to the UK. *Automatically booking the clients that have disablements into a suit that has entree installations that they require. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client bespeaking any aid or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire. They can besides make that for the clients pets like dog/ cat. Flying with assurance The UK s most experient fright of winging class. Is fear of winging keeping you back? They can assist you The Flying With Confidence classs are run by British Air passages people who want to assist you suppress your fright of winging. Their classs have been running for more than 25 old ages and have helped more than 45,000 people like you. Customer feedback shows that they have a 98 % success rate in assisting people like you to get the better of their fright of winging. -Stop badgering, start winging Their one twenty-four hours class caters for many different demands, whether you have mild anxiousness about winging or are unable to put pes on an aircraft. The classs are run by experient British Airways pilots and crew every bit good as a Clinical Psychologist. At the terminal of the class, you will fall in others in suppressing your fright of winging on a short flight with their squad of experts. *It is an transcending client service because they non merely booking you a flight but they besides assisting you to suppress your fright of winging which is truly helpful. It helps because it makes their client bask their flight without holding a fright particularly for those who has an anxiousness of winging. The good thing is the consequence of their aid impact you throughout your life which truly helps you to bask going without holding a fright. This is non merely a service for them but they besides concern that your fright of winging can impact your work and life particularly for concern men/women because they are more likely to go frequently and for the outgoing people that afraid to go by a plane. Thorpe Park They MEET their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: Full Ride Listing THORPE PARK has so many amazing drives that we have had to lodge them in a large list for your viewing pleasance. Book a Ticket Online/Phone and Book a ticket with Hotel Ticket Deals Opening Timess *They meet their clients outlooks and demands by functioning the chief outlooks and demands of their clients. E.g. they gave you different ticket trades ; expression at the list of their drives ; you can book a ticket with hotel ; look at their gap hours and etc. They EXCEED their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: Park Map *Thorpe park exceed their client service by giving/allowing their clients to publish out a Park Map which help them to cognize the locations of the drives, nutrient and drink stables. It helps the clients to easy happen the drives, lavatories, nutrient and drink stables. Normally, for some amusement Parkss do non give a map of their amusement park that makes a difficult clip for the clients to happen the drives, nutrient and drink stables. Therefore it is an transcending client service that they really giving a park map to the clients without the petition of the clients. Thorpe Park functionary APP THORPE PARK brings you the official iPhone and iPod Touch App. It s jammed full of characteristics to maintain you entertained and informed at the state s Thrill Capital. You can besides catch sole offers like: Park Map Interactive Park map that shows your exact location in relation to the drives, nutrient and retail units, hard currency points, lavatories and lockers†¦all via the iPhone s GPS Ride Information See all the utmost bangs waiting for you on their drives, every bit good as pictures and exposures to truly acquire the epinephrine pumping in expectancy. Offers Exclusive price reductions and publicities to the Park every bit good as at the retail and nutrient units. Park Info Information on THORPE PARK, including: gap times, approaching events and waies to the Park. * Thorpe Park exceed the clients outlooks and demands by giving their clients an easy manner to entree some informations about Thorpe Park like Park Map, drive information, offer and other park info. It truly helps the clients because they can now shop some informations about Thorpe Park by merely utilizing their phone which is truly accessible. Thorpe Park exceeds it by shoping the informations about Thorpe Park by merely utilizing a phone which is truly preferred for their clients. DISABLED GUIDES BEFORE YOU ENTER THE PARK Parking Those keeping a bluish disablement badge are required to pay amp ; lb ; 3 for auto parking. When a invitee displays a bluish disablement badge, they can park in the handicapped country of the auto park, following to the Admissions country on a first semen foremost served footing. Ticket Concessions We offer a concessionary admittance monetary value for handicapped invitees and one attach toing assistant. We will necessitate cogent evidence of entitlement before the concessionary rate is given. Such cogent evidence includes a blue/orange badge, Attendance Allowance book etc. Please note this is for Admission to the Park merely and does non vouch entitlement to a handicapped Ride Access Pass from Guest Services. If you require any aid when buying your tickets, delight make non waver to talk to a staff member in the Admissions country. Guests utilizing wheelchairs who have non pre-booked tickets in progress should utilize the entree incline at the Annual Pass Building to buy tickets for THORPE PARK. When come ining the Park please use the right manus Gatess at the turnstiles which have a wider entree point. Annual Pass Holders with a registered disablement have the option of a free assistant base on balls. Please see ENJOYING YOUR DAY AT THORPE PARK Ride Access Passes Disabled invitees who are unable to line up may be eligible for a Ride Access Pass for themselves and one assistant. The wristband given will let the handicapped individual and the assistant to short-circuit the queuing system normally via the issue or designated entryway designed for easiness of entree. Proof of entitlement will be required before the Ride Access Passes are given. Such proof includes: Documentary grounds in the signifier of a missive from a GP or infirmary adviser, which inside informations grounds that the invitee is unable to line up. Please note this must be seen by THORPE PARK every twelvemonth, and this is different certification to that required for admittance to the Park. In certain state of affairss ( such as utmost conditions conditions, mechanical jobs or power breaks ) it may be necessary for invitees to be evacuated from the drives, perchance from the highest point. We ask that any assistants are a lower limit of 14 old ages old, and physically able to help in the event of an emptying. We can rede but it will ever be up to the single invitee to make up ones mind whether or non they should sit. Ride Safety Several drives are unsuitable for invitees with bosom, back, or cervix conditions, or anticipant female parents and we strongly recommend those invitees who have had recent surgery or an hurt do non sit some of our more Electrifying attractive forces. On many of our drives invitees need to hold the ability to poise themselves in an unsloped place, and all drives require invitees to maintain their weaponries and legs inside the drive passenger cars, and remain seated at all times. Not all of our drives are suited for all invitees. Each drive has a rigorous operating demands that all riders must run into. Please do non inquire our staff to interrupt these regulations as they are at that place for your safety. Equally good as taking note of the drive limitations, we besides strongly suggest that you watch our drives in gesture before doing a determination on whether to sit. Toilet All lavatory locations around the Park have entree for invitees with disablements, and we operate the Nationally recognised RADAR key system to entree them. If you do nt hold your ain key, you can engage one from Guest Services for a A ; lb ; 10 refundable sedimentation. Guest Services Located in the lower degree of the Dome, we are able to offer advice on ride entree and limitations along with offering invitees with disablements several options to do their experience at THORPE PARK both gratifying and comfy. *Thorpe Park automatically recommends the clients that have disablements into a suit that has entree installations that they require. Thorpe Park recommends the one-year base on balls and the wristband that allow them to park in the handicapped country of the auto park and let those who are unable to line up may be qualified for a Ride Access Pass for themselves and one assistant that they may be able to short-circuit the queuing system normally via the issue or designated entryway designed for easiness of entree. In add-on, they tell what drives are suited for them ; all their lavatories have entree for invitees with disablements ; they tell where the handicapped lavatory is and they offering several options for invitees with disablements. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client bespeaking any aid or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire plus they truly concern about the security and safety of their invitees.

Brittle Stars - Ophiuroidea - The Animal Encyclopedia

Brittle Stars - Ophiuroidea - The Animal Encyclopedia Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) are a group of echinoderms that resemble starfish. There are about 1500 species of brittle stars alive today and most species inhabit marine habitats with depths greater than 1500 feet. There are a few species of shallow water brittle stars. These species live in the sand or mud just below the low tide mark. They often live amongst coral and sponges as well. Brittle stars inhabit all the worlds oceans and live in a variety of climate regions including tropical, temperate and polar waters. Brittle stars are subdivided into two basic groups, the brittle stars (Ophiurida) and the basket stars (Euryalida). Brittle stars have a star shaped body. Like many echinoderms, they exhibit pentaradial symmetry, a 5-sided radial symetry. Brittle stars have five arms that join together at a central body disk. The arms are clearly delineated from the central body disk, and in this way brittle stars can be distinguished from starfish (starfish arms blend with the central body disk such that it is not easy to delineate where the arm ends and the central body disk begins). Brittle stars move using a water vascular system and tube feet. Their arms can move side to side but not up and down (if they are bent up or down they break, hence the name brittle star). Their arms are extremely flexible from side to side and enable them to move through the water and along substrate surfaces. When they move, they do so in a straight line, with one arm serving as the forward directing point and other arms pushing the body along that path. Brittle stars and basket stars both have long flexible arms. These arms are supported by calcium carbonate plates (also known as vertebral ossicles). The ossicles are encased in soft tissue and jointed plates that run the length of the arm. Brittle stars have a nervous system that consists of a nerve ring and that encircles their central body disk. Nerves run down each arm. Brittle stars, like all echinoderms, lack a brain. The have no eyes and their only developed senses are chemosensory (they can detect chemicals in the water) and touch. Brittle stars undergo respiration using bursae, sacks that enable gas exchange as well as excretion. These sacs are located on the bottom of the central body disk. Cilia within the sacs direct water flow so that oxygen can be absorbed from the water and waste flushed from the body. Brittle stars have a mouth that has five jaw-like structures around it. The mouth opening is also used to expel waste. An esophagus and stomach connect to the mouth opening. Brittle stars feed on organic material on the sea floor (they are primarily detritivores or scavengers although some species occasionally feed on small invertebrate prey). Basket stars feed on plankton and bacteria they catch by suspension feeding. Most species of brittle stars have separate sexes. A few species are either hermaphroditic or protandric. In many species, larvae develop inside the body of the parent. When an arm is lost, brittle stars often regenerate the lost limb. If a predator catches a brittle star by its arm, it loses the arm as a means of escape. Brittle stars diverged from other echinoderms about 500 million years ago, during the Early Ordovician. Brittle stars are most closely related to sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Details about the evolutionary relationship of brittle star to other echinoderms are not clear. Brittle stars reach sexual maturity at about 2 years of age and become full grown by 3 or 4 years of age. Their life span is generally about 5 years. Classification: Animals Invertebrates Echinoderms Brittle Stars

A Practitioner's Handbook Speech or Presentation

A Practitioner's Handbook - Speech or Presentation Example Hope this exercise was fun and fruitful. Now we shall engage in a discussion of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test which, apart from the Word Attack exercise conducted, examines various other aspects of an individual’s reading ability.I shall begin my speech by explaining to you what The Woodcock Reading Mastery Test actually is. The Woodcock Reading Mastery Test is a â€Å"norm-referenced† series of assessments that enables assessors to determine the reading achievements and abilities of individuals (Rathvon, 2004). The test is administered on an individual basis and is diagnostic in nature. Basically, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test measures the â€Å"reading readiness† of individuals. It primarily targets individuals who have difficulty in reading. The purpose of this test goes beyond the general aim of identifying reading abilities of the candidate as it highlights the individuals’ strengths and weaknesses in particular areas of reading so that target ed action may be taken. It allows specific strategies to be devised for students who have special needs in reading. Particular attention is devoted to ELL learners whose reading abilities are determined by this test. Not only does this test allow for an evaluation of the candidate but also the institution or school’s reading programs.   The history of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test can be traced back to 1973 when Dr. Richard Woodcock laid the first foundations of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test   (Rathvon, 2004).... is a â€Å"norm-referenced† series of assessments that enables assessors to determine the reading achievements and abilities of individuals (Rathvon, 2004). The test is administered on an individual basis and is diagnostic in nature. Basically, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test measures the â€Å"reading readiness† of individuals. It primarily targets individuals who have difficulty in reading. The purpose of this test goes beyond the general aim of identifying reading abilities of the candidate as it highlights the individuals’ strengths and weaknesses in particular areas of reading so that targeted action may be taken. It allows specific strategies to be devised for students who have special needs in reading. Particular attention is devoted to ELL learners whose reading abilities are determined by this test. Not only does this test allow for an evaluation of the candidate but also the institution or school’s reading programs. The history of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test can be traced back to 1973 when Dr. Richard Woodcock laid the first foundations of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test (Rathvon, 2004). This test could be taken by children from kindergarten through the twelfth grade which was a rather broad target segment for this assessment (Rathvon, 2004). This test was best suited for ESL candidates. Furthermore, the test involved short intervals and comprised of 5 subtests including the Word Attack, Word ID, Letter ID Passage Comprehension and Word Comprehension. This test was later revised in 1998 whereby Forms G and H were introduced which were not parallel in nature (Rathvon, 2004). These two forms allowed the assessor to test and re-test as they were non-overlapping in nature. Therefore, as you may think, this assessment was highly thorough in nature.

National Math Curriculum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Math Curriculum - Case Study Example The key concepts of applications of mathematics enable the students of this college to gain a critical understanding about mathematical ideas that shape our world. The revised mathematics programme of study for key stage 3 includes the level 1 functional skills standard in mathematics. There are structural similarities with the level 1 functional skills. For the algebra lessons, there are four specific examples outlined. The first one is to generate and describe simple integer sequences. The second one is to generate terms of a simple sequence based on a given rule. The third one is to generate sequences from practical contexts and explain the general term in specific simple cases. The fourth one is to express simple functions in words and afterwards express it using symbols and in mappings. For the lessons in shape and space, there are seven specific examples. The first one is to utilize letter symbols to represent unknown numbers and variables. The second one is to recognise and use multiples, factors or divisors, common factor, highest common factor, lowest common multiple and primes. The third one is to find the prime factor decomposition of a number. ... For the lessons on probability, there are three examples. First, one must generate the point estimate of a normal distribution. The second example is finding the confidence interval of normal distributions. The third one is to assess the strength of association between two variables using chi-square and phi. The major functional skills in algebra, shape and space and probability lessons are applied to the teaching and learning methods of St. Thomas a Becket Catholic College. This type of holistic learning needs to contribute to the development of the key processes. The skills developed in key stage 3 pertain to the key processes of representing, analysing, interpreting, evaluating, communicating and reflecting. The range and content set out in the programme of study is comprehensive. The key stage 3 programme of study forms the foundation for pupils to apply their mathematics to actual situations in the real world in key stage 4.This curriculum helps them to be responsible citizens. It contributes to help them adopt mathematical skills for financial capability which will prepare them to live responsible and satisfying lives. The curriculum puts primordial emphasis on analysing and justifying conclusions in mathematical situations which allows them to acquire critical and analytical appr oaches to real-life situations. This curriculum helps students to be successful learners. The mathematics programme of study assists students with inquisitive minds to learn how to think for themselves. It specifically provides ample opportunities for pupils to tackle open-ended problems. The pupils are work with mathematical errors and misconceptions, which helps them to understand how they learn, as well as to learn from their

The High Cost of Discount Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The High Cost of Discount Culture - Assignment Example Since buying it was the only expense incurred, watching television became the preferred leisure activity for almost half of the population. Executives at the television broadcasters were more concerned with advertisers than the viewers because advertisers brought in revenue. The biggest revenue generator was the cigarette industry (Thompson & Joseph 19). The advertisers influenced entertainment with the potential to attract most viewers. With free home entertainment, the movie industry saw a diminishing number of audiences. With endless soap operas, comedies and advertisements, television discouraged the reading culture and shortened attention spans while promoting violence (Thompson & Joseph 19). People all over the country shared a common thing because of the television.  In conclusion, television became the monarchy of entertainment. It bore an appeal to the majority middle class who had conventional tastes. Television offered entertainment they could identify with, thus influen cing a cultural bond among them (Shell 9). Those who watched common television programmes adopted a lifestyle from them.         

Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations Case Study - 6

Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations - Case Study Example Despite of there is a rather thorough interview process for volunteers that is aimed at determining the skill-need matches as well as a prior verbal scheduling of all the volunteer times, there seems to be a pertinent problem with the communication process at the organization as the volunteer supervisor constantly did not have the projects ready for the volunteers to work on during their previously agreed upon volunteer time slots. This persistent lack of a communication plan and clear communication processes is seen to have resulted in there being diminished enthusiasm for the cause fronted by the volunteer organization. There are a number of different communication processes that can effectively be used by small voluntary organizations; these processes which include the horizontal communication processes, diagonal communication processes, lateral communication processes and vertical communication processes. Horizontal Communication Processes: Horizontal communication structures and processes which are also referred to as lateral communication are defined as being the flow of messages across the different functional areas at a given level within the organization. In lateral communication processes, people working at the same level within an organization are able to communicate directly with each other without their having to go through the different levels of the organization. Lateral Communication Processes: Lateral communication processes and structures are seen to involve communication which occurs between individuals that do not stand in any form of a hierarchical relationship with each other. Diagonal Communication Processes: Diagonal communication structures and processes are seen to refer to communication that occurs between an organization’s workers and managers who happen to be located at different functional levels.

European Court Of Justice and Free Movement of Persons Essay

European Court Of Justice and Free Movement of Persons - Essay Example The move from the European Community to that of European Union was reflected in a number of specific EC Treaty provisions, including the enlargement of competence in the fields of education and culture, and of course the launch of the sacred status of citizenship of the Union2. The Treaty on European Union (here after referred to as TEU or Treaty of Maastricht) has introduced for the first time a systematic concept of citizenship in the Community ambit through Articles 17 to 22 (renumbered after the Treaty of Amsterdam). Article 17 states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established and that every citizen holding the nationality of the Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Following the Amsterdam amendment citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. The rights and obligations emanating from the citizenship of the EU are then specified in the following articles 18-22/ ex-art. 8a-8e. They include the right to free movement and residenc e (art.18), active and passive electoral rights in the municipal elections and elections into the European Parliament (art. 19), right for diplomatic protection (art. 20), petition rights to the European Parliament and right to refer matters to Ombudsman (Art. 21). The actual TEU provisions are contained in a new Part Two of the EC Treaty devoted solely to this topic. However, it is the right of free movement and the right of residence which, as they have been right through the debate on European citizenship, form the foundations of Union citizenship. ... Article 17 states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established and that every citizen holding the nationality of the Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Following the Amsterdam amendment citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. The rights and obligations emanating from the citizenship of the EU are then specified in the following articles 18-22/ ex-art. 8a-8e. They include the right to free movement and residence (art.18), active and passive electoral rights in the municipal elections and elections into the European Parliament (art. 19), right for diplomatic protection (art. 20), petition rights to the European Parliament and right to refer matters to Ombudsman (Art. 21). The actual TEU provisions are contained in a new Part Two of the EC Treaty devoted solely to this topic. However, it is the right of free movement and the right of residence which, as they have been right through the debate on European citizenship, form the fou ndations of Union citizenship. 2 Article 18 EC provides for freedom of movement and residence within the territory of the Member States. Ivo Shlosark refers to the Maastricht Treaty introducing the concept of citizenship into community law as something of a new phenomenon3. Despite the introduction of formal provisions on citizenship the concept itself was hardly a policy innovation of the Treaty of Maastricht4. The concept of citizenship itself was considered from a very early stage in the development of the Communities. Indeed, since the Treaties of Rome (1957) the Community has legislated fundamental rights and provisions inherent in freedom of movement. Historical steps on the way to European citizenship include the Tindemans Report (1975)5, the introduction of direct Parliamentary

Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations Case Study - 6

Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations - Case Study Example Despite of there is a rather thorough interview process for volunteers that is aimed at determining the skill-need matches as well as a prior verbal scheduling of all the volunteer times, there seems to be a pertinent problem with the communication process at the organization as the volunteer supervisor constantly did not have the projects ready for the volunteers to work on during their previously agreed upon volunteer time slots. This persistent lack of a communication plan and clear communication processes is seen to have resulted in there being diminished enthusiasm for the cause fronted by the volunteer organization. There are a number of different communication processes that can effectively be used by small voluntary organizations; these processes which include the horizontal communication processes, diagonal communication processes, lateral communication processes and vertical communication processes. Horizontal Communication Processes: Horizontal communication structures and processes which are also referred to as lateral communication are defined as being the flow of messages across the different functional areas at a given level within the organization. In lateral communication processes, people working at the same level within an organization are able to communicate directly with each other without their having to go through the different levels of the organization. Lateral Communication Processes: Lateral communication processes and structures are seen to involve communication which occurs between individuals that do not stand in any form of a hierarchical relationship with each other. Diagonal Communication Processes: Diagonal communication structures and processes are seen to refer to communication that occurs between an organization’s workers and managers who happen to be located at different functional levels.

Why do som popl consistntly inspir othrs to follow thir ld Essay

Why do som popl consistntly inspir othrs to follow thir ld - Essay Example Followrs should b willing to follow you bcus of th positiv influnc tht you hv on popl s good ldr. To b n ffctiv ldr, on nds to continully dvlop onslf. High qulity ldrship ntils mpowring othrs to xrcis thir hug potntil for th bnfit of th orgnistion or th tm. Followrs hv to trust you s ldr nd trust hs to b rnd from on's ctions. On cnnot hop to b n xcptionl ldr unlss on is slf-disciplind. Ldrship strts with bing bl to ld yourslf bfor on cn ld othrs. John Mxwll hs bn lrning nd tching ldrship throughout his ntir crr s Wslyn pstor nd sminr spkr. H livs nd brths ldrship. nd in this book h hs distilld th rt of ldrship. Wll, not so simpl, myb, but t lst undrstndbl. Mny popl ttin positions of ldrship in th orgnistions, community nd othr sphrs of lif but with no guidnc of wht good ldrship ntils. John Mxwll did good job of writing smll book pckd with usful guidnc on how to b n ffctiv ldr. H dividd th book into thr prts. Th first prt dscribs how on cn dvlop s ldr, whilst th scond prt xplins th trits of ldr nd th lst prt is on th impct tht ldr cn hv on popl. Mxwll stts tht h cn quickly tll who th rl ldr/influncr in group is, bcus whn this prson spks, vryon t th tbl listns, nods, nd bgins to xprss ssnt. Mxwll lrnd this t his first church whr h discovrd th rl ldr ws Clud, vn though Clud wsn't vn th church modrtor. Mxwll thn lrnd to influnc Clud nd lt Clud ld th othrs. You cn s how prcticl this kind of book could b. W bumbl round for much of our livs, nd stumbl ovr ths "lws," trying to lrn to b ldrs, oftn not undrstnding wht wnt wrong. With som clr dirction -- nd tht's wht Mxwll provids -- you'll b bl to grow mor quickly s ldr. Mxwll ddrsss wht shps prson's ttitud nd whthr or not ttitud cn b chngd. H ddrsss th common fling of filur nd shows how to ovrcom obstcls. Undrstnding succss s journy rthr thn dstintion, h xplins, is th ky to good ldrship. H concluds ttitud 101 with prcticl wys rdrs cn tk thir ttitud to th nxt lvl. s Dr. Mxwll sys, succss is: "Knowing your purpos in lif, Growing to rch your mximum potntil, Sowing sds tht bnfit othrs." Th book combins ll of th lmnts you'v probbly com to lik bout his books on ldrship, tmwork, thinking nd purposful living. Sing it ll togthr in brif form mks th mssg clrr somhow. His pigrms r wondrful. Hr's nothr of my fvorits for hlping othrs form good ttituds: "Vlu popl. Pris fforts. Rwrd prformnc." For yrs, Mxwll hs bn clld on by mg-corportions to tch ldrship to thir xcutivs, so this nd som of his mor rcnt books r dsignd to b rd with profit by both Christin nd businss udincs. I'v rd lot in th fild of ldrship, nd in my opinion, Mxwll is tops. H's not only humorous nd sy-to-rd, his nlysis of th ssntils of ldrship is brillint. If you'r church ldr, you'll wnt to rd this, nd thn buy copy for your pstor t Christms. If you'r pstor, this is book to bsorb nd thn circult mong your ly ldrs to ris thir lvl of ldrship. This will lso b n pprcitd gift to businss xcutiv. "Grt ldrs s th nd, siz th opportunity, nd srv without xpcting nything in rturn," Dr. Mxwll writs. In ssnc tht cpturs th thm of this wll-writtn work. t th hrt of ldrship is th dsir to srv othr popl. Prcticl mttrs such s focusing on rsults nd living disciplind lif r includd

Femme Fatale in Victorian Literature Essay Example for Free

Femme Fatale in Victorian Literature Essay INTRODUCTION Victorian Era was the big step in the overall cultural development of England. Many, presently famous novels and poems came to light during this period. Mainly writers, who (in their style of writing) openly manifested their opposition to the strict moral law which was significant those days. Universal etiquette of behavior, wealth and the family name in the social hierarchy ladder were very important to be perceived as aristocracy. Class division within the society was clearly marked. The pattern of a female character in Victorian novel which gained popularity very fast that time was Femme Fatale pattern which is also known as deadly woman. I have chosen such topic, because I am of opinion that femme fatale type of character is the most interesting of all female identity types. Furthermore, Victorian period is a time of a changing role of the women in the British society, which gives us very contrastive background, in which behavior of such woman was something immoral, controversial but also brave. Charles Dickens is widely perceived as the greatest novelist of the Victorian Era. He is the creator of fictional characters, which are known all over the world and are used as universal patterns through centuries till now. Ch. Dickens in his work described in a perfect way English Victorian society as well as its rules. Dickens, through his life experienced many difficulties, which shaped his identity and had immense influence on his own, specific style of writing. His thirteenth novel Great Expectations was one of the greatest among Victorian Era works. The main character Pip, is growing and developing through the whole story which is why the novel belongs to the Bildungsroman genre. What is more, Great Expectations novel was firstly published in the serial form in weekly magazine All the Year Round so it can be also defined as serialized novel. The plot of this story is quite complicated, bringing the reader much of surprise because of unexpected turns of action and character, like the most significant change in the story is when the main hero suddenly becomes rich person and his life has been rapidly changed. But it is not main hero on whom I am going to focus in the first chapter of my diploma paper. It will be the woman of his dreams. The woman, who was unable to return a feeling back to him, as well as to anybody else. Her name is Estella Havisham and she is the first example which I am going to analyze in my work. The second writer from Victorian era whose fictional character I am going to analyze is William Thackeray. William Thackeray, the next one of the greatest writers in Victoria Era, was born into British high society in 1811. He experienced mostly comfortable and easy life until he reached 22 years old. Till that time he managed to squander most of his fortune. The main reasons which led to that situation were gambling and the Indian Banking Crisis. We can say that during his life he experienced on his own what is like to be rich and poor. That is why he could objectively depict the view of British society of his times. This is exactly what he had done in his famous work entitled Vanity Fair. In 1847 He started publishing short stories in Punch Magazine, which means that similarly to Great Expectations, it was also serialized novel. Although first chapters of this novel were written years before, they were not available for the wide audience. The whole story was completed and published as a book in 1848. That time also it received the subtitle A Novel Without a Hero. Very soon it became successful. CHAPTER ONE: FEMME FATALE AND VICTORIAN SOCIETY 1Victorian Period – Overall information The period 1837-1901 is named Victorian after Queen Victoria who ruled English country that time. It was a time of a big change when English Victorian Society was divided into three main classes: upper, middle and lower which was also called working class. Each class is characterized by various occupations, ways of life and etiquette. The upper class consisted of the nobility, such as dukes, earls, and viscounts. They were often related to the royal families of Britain and Europe, and their society was distinct and separate to the other two classes certain expectations had to be met by everybody. Most of these aristocrats did not have a profession, as their families had sufficient funds to live in affluence. However, many were captains of industry, especially mining or ship building. The middle class consisted of rich families who were respectable, but lacked a title, and often had skilled professions, such as a doctor, or a teacher. At the beginning of the Victorian times, they were a small proportion of the population. However, the effects of the Industrial Revolution meant that more people could be defined as middle class, because of improvements in education and more opportunities of leveling from the lower class to upper one. The lower class (working class) were made up of the rural and urban poor, who had often low skilled, dangerous, dirty and boring jobs (often all four) that they had to take because of the lack of education. A handful could actually be defined as lower middle class, but because they often lived in terraced housing areas, they were defined as working class. There was also a class below the working class paupers. They lived in extreme poverty, often because of old age, unemployment, illness or strained resources. Sally Mitchel in her book clearly points out that Most working people earned just enough to stay alive, and could be thrown into poverty by illness, layoffs, or a sudden misfortune such as a factory fire that caused even short-term unemployment. People in unskilled and semiskilled jobs generally needed additional income from several members of the family. (Mitchel 19) Etiquette was one of the most significant thing that time. Education of the woman would not be completed without teaching rules of proper behavior. Not only women but also men had to obey this set of rules during many daily activities even the simplest one. What kind of jewelry as well as when and where one should wear, who to walk with, who to dance with, how and when to speak to a stranger, were all very critical knowledge. For men, there were rules about bowing, where to sit and next to whom, even about the circumstances in which it was appropriate or not to smoke or drink in front of ladies. Running a house without servants was almost impossible. The number of servants one could afford was a sign of one’s wealth. The bigger house, the more servants were hired. They were usually divided into two groups: indoor (butler, housekeeper, maids) and outdoor: (coachman, groom, a gardener). Being a servant wasn’t well-paid job but thanks to tips, a servant could earn extra money. Next, very significant thing which was obligatory mainly in upper class society was dance. It was the essence of every ball which was one of the greatest entertainment that time in English society. Balls were organized on many occasions and created opportunity to know noble men and women from upper class. In Victorian Britain the ideology of separate private sphere to the woman and sphere of business and politics to the man was clearly marked. The home was regarded as a haven from the busy and chaotic public world of politics and business, and from the harsh life of the factory. In Victorian times, you could travel one of three ways: by train, by horse, or by foot. The most common means of transportation was by far the horse. It was used by rich and poor. The rich owned fancy coaches that had every accessory one could ever need for living on the road, and the poor would go about town on the cheap omnibuses that carried twenty people at a time. 2Femme Fatale The term femme fatale comes from French and it states mainly in the opposition to another popular image of a Victorian woman called Angel in the House. ‘Femme Fatale is a woman who is sexually attractive but cruel and dangerous to men who have a relationship with her’ (Macmillan Dictionary, Femme Fatale definition). There were many famous female characters in the history who suit very well to this image even before the term Femme Fatale has been created. To the most famous examples belong: The femme fatale has always been a well-known archetype in literature, art and movies. The tradition of the femme fatale is long and versatile and can be traced back as far as ancient Egypt, with its iconic Cleopatra. Especially in the fine arts, the femme fatale has been portrayed in many metaphorical ways: as a vampire, nymph, fallen angel or sorceress. She flourished in the 1940’s century film noir, where the combination of aggressiveness and sensuality in women was a central topic (Place, 1998: 57). We can find many examples not only in written form but also in movies, where tempting and lethal women can be found as well: Sharon Stone in BASIC INSTINCT (1992), the Bond Girls or Renee Zellweger and Catherine Zeta-Jones in CHICAGO (2002) were all very seductive, but dangerous. Hence, based on van Dijkstra’s extensive historiography, the femme fatale can be defined as a woman who is mysteriously seductive and uses this quality to outsmart men. Her resistance against male domination exists of beauty, charm and sexual allure: she tempts the male target and drives him crazy by denying him her affection. (1986, 237) To summarize: key aspects of the femme fatale are mystery, beauty, seduction and, most importantly, danger. The most conventional image of the perfect Victorian woman who states in opposition to Femme Fatale woman can be found in the title of a long poem written by Coventry Patmore: The Angel in the House. The pure woman’s life was supposed to be entirely centered on the home. She preserved the higher moral values, guarded her husband’s conscience, guided her children’s training, and helped regenerate society through her daily display of Christianity in action. If she successfully made the home a place of perfect peace, her husband and sons would not want to leave it for an evening’s (morally suspect) entertainment elsewhere. (Mitchell 266) 3 William Makepeace Thackeray – Vanity Fair William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India, in 1811. He was son of Richmond Thackeray, an Indian Civil Servant, and his wife Anne. Just a few years later his father died, his mother remarried, and the shy and young William was sent to England where he would deal with the harsh realities of isolation at Charterhouse, a private school in London. He then went on to attend Trinity College, Cambridge. Thackeray abandoned his studies without taking a degree, having lost some of his inheritance of twenty thousand pounds through gambling. During 1831-33 Thackeray studied law at the Middle Temple, London, but had little enthusiasm to continue his studies. Soon after He went to Paris to unsuccessfully try his hand at painting. It was in Paris that he met and married Isabella Shawe (1816–1893) in 1836, with whom he would have two surviving daughters, Anne Isabella and Harriet Marian. Back in England he suffered massive financial losses, which is why he had to start writing articles, reviews, essays and sketches as a journalist. Travel articles about France such as his Paris Sketch Book (1840) and The Yellowplush Correspondence (1841) were among his first efforts appearing in various magazines and journals including Frasers, Punch, and The Times. He also illustrated many of his own works. After the birth of Harriet, Isabella started on what was to be, until her death, numerous bouts of depression, an extensive search for a cure, and ultimately a slow spiral to insanity. She would live apart from William, rarely seeing him or her daughters. Thackeray remained close to his daughters all his life. Anne was his secretary for a while and they both lived with him at his house in London before marrying. The disintegration of his marriage however would have a profound effect on his life and was reflected in the characters of his novels, including the loveless marriage between Rachel and Frank Castlewood in The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. (1852) and its sequel The Virginians (1857). Haunting the Literary Clubs of London including the Garrick Club, Thackeray also travelled the Mediterranean, A Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (1846) the result. Book of Snobs (1848) and Vanity Fair (1848) followed soon after, but it was not until The History of Pendennis (1850), his semi-autobiographical novel that Thackerays success as a humorist was confirmed. He then embarked on a series of lectures published as English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century (1851) and Four Georges (1860), based on the Hanoverian Kings, from his tours of the United States in 1852-53 and 1855-56. In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the monthly literary journal Cornhill Magazine, but died suddenly three years later, in 1863, at the age of fifty two. He lies buried beside his mother in the Victorian Garden cemetery Kensal Green in London, England. Charles Dickens wrote a glowing tribute to him in Cornhill Magazine. William Thackeray is mostly known for his great novel â€Å"Vanity Fair†. The novel was written in 1848. The book brought Thackeray prosperity and made him an established author and popular lecturer in Europe and in the United States. Vanity Fair with its second title A Novel without a Hero is a novel published in 1847–48, satirizing society in early 19th-century Britain. The books title comes from John Bunyans allegorical story The Pilgrims Progress, first published in 1678 and still widely read at the time of Thackerays novel. Vanity Fair refers to a stop along the pilgrims progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent mans sinful attachment to worldly things. The novel is now considered a classic, and has inspired several film adaptations, the most recent being the 2004 film starring Reese Witherspoon. In 2003, Vanity Fair was listed on the BBCs The Big Read poll of the UKs best-loved novel.[1] 4 Charles Dickens – Great Expectations Charles Dickens is widely perceived as the greatest novelist of the Victorian Era. He is the creator of fictional characters, which are known all over the world and are used as universal patterns through centuries till now. Ch. Dickens in his work describes in a perfect way English Victorian society as well as its rules. Dickens, through his life experienced many difficulties, which shaped his identity and had immense influence on his own, specific style of writing. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 in Portsmouth. He was son of John and Elizabeth Dickens. Until he finished 11 years he and his family moved two times. He was very clever boy. When he was young, he read many novels, especially the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding. From the early stages he took private lessons, first in dame school, and then at a school run by William Giles, a dissenter, in Chatham. In 1822, the Dickens family moved to Camden Town, a poor neighborhood in London. By then the family’s financial situation had grown dire, as John Dickens had a dangerous habit of living beyond the family’s means. Eventually, John was sent to prison for debt in 1824, when Charles was just 12 years old. In 1860 Dickens started to publish short stories for the weekly magazine â€Å"All The Year Round†. Although intended for weekly publication, Great Expectations was divided into nine monthly sections, with new pagination for each. At the beginning, his serialized story was not so famous as A Days Ride by Charles Lever, which was published in the same magazine but soon lose favor with the public. Dickens, during one year of publication (1860-1861), wrote thirty six episodes. The novel gained title Great Expectation and became very successful among works of Victorian era, showing simultaneously Dickens peak and maturity as an author. Nowadays, novel is regarded as very important and is taught in many English classes. The main character Pip, is growing and developing through the whole story which is why the novel belongs to the Bildungsroman genre. In many respects, it contains themes and emotions directly related to the author’s experience. For instance, the description of Pip’s childhood has some affinity with Dickens own life. Also, Estella seems directly inspired from Maria Beadwell, a lady whom Dickens loved; Beadwell snubbed him coldly because of his low social status. The plot of story is complicated, bringing the reader much of surprise because of unexpected turns of action as the most significant change in the story when the main hero suddenly becomes rich person and his life has been rapidly changed. But it is not main hero on whom I am going to focus in the first chapter of my diploma paper. It will be the woman of his dreams. The woman, who was unable to return a feeling back to him, as well as to anybody else. Her name is Estella Havisham and she is the first example which I am going to analyze in my work.